Ratib Lekhal

Lekhal, Ratib; Karlsen, Lisa-Marie, Wilhelmsen, Tiril, Vandell, Deborah Lowe, Lydersen, Stian & Rydland, Veslemøy (2025)

Promoting classroom quality through professional development: Results from the Oslo early education study, a randomized controlled trial

Studies in Educational Evaluation, 86, s. 1-11. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2025.101462

Ovati, Tone Sofie Røsholt; Rydland, Veslemøy, Lekhal, Ratib, Lydersen, Stian & Grøver, Vibeke (2025)

Does Teacher Talk During Shared Reading Predict Child Oral Language Development in Diverse ECEC Settings?

First language,

Wilhelmsen, Tiril; Lekhal, Ratib, Rydland, Veslemøy & Coplan, Robert J. (2025)

Exploring the role of early childhood educators’ emotion socialization strategies in the development of young children’s social and non-social play behaviors

Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 73 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2025.06.005 - Full text in research archive

It is widely postulated that caregivers’ emotion socialization strategies support children’s positive socio-emotional functioning with peers. However, this theoretical model has been rarely examined empirically in the context of early childhood education and care (ECEC), despite ECEC being a prominent environment for children to practice peer play (a robust marker variable for social and emotional competencies). This study explored the role of ECEC teachers’ emotion coaching and emotion distracting strategies in the development of children’s social and non-social play behaviors over time. Participants were 275 teachers and 487 children (aged 36–57 months) from 123 classrooms in 56 ECEC centers in Norway. Results from multilevel linear mixed modeling analyses indicated that emotion coaching was associated with a steeper increase in social play and steeper decrease in reticent behavior. In contrast, although emotion distracting was also associated with a steeper decrease in reticent behavior, it also predicted a less steep increase in social play. These results suggest that emotion coaching is a supportive socialization strategy for children’s peer relations in ECEC, whereas findings for distracting were more mixed. Using responses from multiple teachers within each classroom to examine both average classroom scores, in addition to minimum and maximum classroom scores, offers a novel insight into the group dynamics of teacher-child interactions in ECEC to support children’s peer relations.

Stensen, Kenneth; Wilhelmsen, Tiril, Buøen, Elisabet Solheim & Lekhal, Ratib (2025)

Investigating the Psychometric Properties of the Emotionality Activity and Sociability Temperament Survey among Young Preschoolers in Norway

Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 47(2) , s. 1-8. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-025-10229-5

Wang, Lei; Melby-Lervåg, Monica, Lekhal, Ratib & Wang, Mari Vaage (2025)

How are Difficulty Types Related to the Allocation of Special Needs Assistance in Early Childhood Education and Care

Early Childhood Research Quarterly, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2025.10.002

Wang, Louie Lei; Wang, Mari Vaage, Sandsør, Astrid Marie Jorde, Lekhal, Ratib & Melby-Lervåg, Monica (2025)

Parental and child factors in children with special education

Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, , s. 14-14. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2025.2550278

Lekhal, Ratib; Karlsen, Lisa-Marie, Wilhelmsen, Tiril, Vandell, Deborah Lowe, Lydersen, Stian & Rydland, Veslemøy (2025)

Promoting classroom quality through professional development: Results from the Oslo early education study, a randomized controlled trial

Studies in Educational Evaluation, 86, s. 1-11. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2025.101462

Fjæra, Kristin; Lekhal, Samira, Lekhal, Ratib & Helseth, Sølvi (2024)

Implementation of Guidelines for Food and Meals in Kindergartens: Perspectives from Norwegian Kindergarten Staff

Global Implementation Research and Applications, 5, s. 13-26. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43477-024-00139-1

Buøen, Elisabet Solheim; Drugli, May Britt & Lekhal, Ratib (2024)

Bedre samspillskvalitet

Cappelen Damm Akademisk

Wilhelmsen, Tiril; Rydland, Veslemøy, Buøen, Elisabet Solheim, Drugli, May Britt & Lekhal, Ratib (2024)

Validation of the Coping with Children’s Negative Emotions Scale Adapted to the Early Childhood Education and Care Context

Early Education and Development, , s. 1-16. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2024.2423386 - Full text in research archive

Research findings. The Coping with Children’s Negative Emotions Scale (CCNES) is a self-report instrument developed to measure parents’ emotion socialization with their children. This study examined the factorial and convergent validity of a short version of the CCNES adapted for the early childhood education and care (ECEC) context. Using exploratory factor analysis with responses from 490 ECEC-workers from the Oslo Early Education Study, our results revealed a three-factor structure of the CCNES, including emotion dismissing, emotion coaching, and emotion distracting. Model specifications were conducted in half the sample and cross-validated in the other half. ECEC-workers’ coaching and distracting correlated positively with each other and with their reports of supportive scaffolding practices and self-efficacy in supporting children’s socioemotional development. Dismissing correlated negatively with these measures. Practice and Policy. Our results indicate that this ECEC version of the CCNES is a valid instrument to assess ECEC-workers’ emotion socialization strategies in interactions with children, and to support the use of distracting as a separate strategy. This instrument enables extending our knowledge of teacher–child interaction quality in ECEC by examining associations with children’s development. The CCNES could also form the baseline for discussions and reflections about ECEC-workers’ professional roles and development.

Nystad, Kathrin; Drugli, May Britt, Lydersen, Stian, Tveit, Håvard Horndalen, Lekhal, Ratib & Buøen, Elisabet Solheim (2024)

Toddlers’ Cortisol Levels in Childcare and at Home

Early Education and Development, 36(1) , s. 62-79. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2024.2360873 - Full text in research archive

Research Findings: Measuring toddlers’ cortisol levels both in childcare and at home and their relation to child- and childcare-related factors may help to identify stress-inducing childcare practices and children who are more vulnerable to stress in childcare. Accordingly, toddlers’ (n = 320, 51.2% female, mean age = 26.8 months) cortisol levels in childcare and at home and their relation to childcare quality and child- and family-related factors were investigated using linear mixed model analyses. Mid-morning to mid-afternoon cortisol levels increased in childcare and decreased at home. Younger children had higher overall cortisol levels. Children attending groups with a higher caregiver – child ratio had slightly higher cortisol levels in childcare and slightly lower cortisol levels at home. Toddlers attending disorganized groups were considerably more stressed in childcare. Practice or Policy: The present study underlines the importance of sufficient caregiver availability and stable routines in toddler classrooms.

Bratlie, Siri Steffensen; Grøver, Vibeke, Lekhal, Ratib, Chen, Si & Rydland, Veslemøy (2024)

Home literacy environment, language use, and proficiency: Bilingual profiles in young learners

Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 96 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2024.101728 - Full text in research archive

Expanded research is needed on how the home environment shapes bilingual proficiency in young children exposed to a different language at home than in early childhood education and care settings. This study examined whether variation in language use with parents, language proficiency, and home literacy environments reflect bilingual profiles. Participants included 320 Norwegian dual language learners (aged 22–68 months) with diverse language backgrounds. Parental surveys assessed language use, first language (L1) proficiency and home literacy environment. Standardized tests assessed second language (L2) proficiency. Latent profile analysis revealed three profiles: (1) more L2 use, higher L2 proficiency and higher L2 home literacy environment; (2) more L1 use, higher L1 proficiency and lower home literacy environments for both languages; and (3) more L1 use, higher proficiency in L1 and L2, and higher home literacy environments for both languages. Profiles differed in L1 distribution, maternal residency length in Norway, and maternal education

Eng, Kristin Fjæra; Lekhal, Ratib, Helseth, Sølvi, Hagen, Milada & Lekhal, Samira (2024)

Enhancing adherence to recommended food practices in Norwegian kindergartens: The role of knowledge and application of national guidelines for food and meals

Health Education Journal, 83(5) , s. 519-530. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/00178969241249977

Eng, Kristin Fjæra; Lekhal, Ratib, Helseth, Sølvi, Småstuen, Milada Cvancarova & Lekhal, Samira (2024)

The effect of the association between food budget and food quality on adherence to national guidelines in kindergartens, and the impact of budget limit on the food quality

Food & Nutrition Research (FNR), 68, s. 1-9. Doi: https://doi.org/10.29219/fnr.v68.9524 - Full text in research archive

In Norway, almost 97% of children attend kindergartens. Most of the daily food intake happens during the day in kindergartens, and the quality of food and meals being served is essential to promote healthy food habits. There is variation in the food that kindergartens provide, and kindergartens can ask for additional payment from parents to cover the food. There are no rules neither across kindergartens for the food offering nor how much additional payment kindergarten can request. Objective: Our main objective is to investigate possible associations between the food budget and the quality of food offered in kindergartens. We specifically aimed to identify budget levels that were associated with better adherence to national guidelines, thereby the quality of the food provided, as recommended by the Norwegian Directorate of Health. Design: A cross-sectional study design, based on kindergarten pedagogical leaders’ answers to a web-based questionnaire. Settings: Private and public kindergartens across Norway are included in this present study. Participants: A total of 324 kindergarten staff attending on behalf of kindergartens participated. Results: The food budget thresholds over NOK 199 are associated with higher quality of served food, in adherence to national guidelines of food and meals (odds ratio 5.2, CI = [1.5, 16.5]), compared to thresholds under 199 NOK. However, increasing the monthly food budget per child to low (200–299 NOK), medium (300–399 NOK), high (400–499 NOK), or very high (>500 NOK) levels did not lead to an improvement in food quality. Conclusion: The main results reveal that budget plays a limited role in the quality of food and meals served as long as it is above ‘very low’ (199 NOK) food budget threshold. We assume that other contextual factors can influence the quality of food and meals in a more prominent role.

Ovati, Tone Sofie Røsholt; Rydland, Veslemøy, Grøver, Vibeke & Lekhal, Ratib (2024)

Teacher perceptions of parent collaboration in multi-ethnic ECEC settings

Frontiers in Education, 9 Doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1340295 - Full text in research archive

Wilhelmsen, Tiril; Rydland, Veslemøy, Buøen, Elisabet Solheim, Drugli, May Britt & Lekhal, Ratib (2024)

Validation of the Coping with Children’s Negative Emotions Scale Adapted to the Early Childhood Education and Care Context

Early Education and Development, , s. 1-16. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2024.2423386 - Full text in research archive

Research findings. The Coping with Children’s Negative Emotions Scale (CCNES) is a self-report instrument developed to measure parents’ emotion socialization with their children. This study examined the factorial and convergent validity of a short version of the CCNES adapted for the early childhood education and care (ECEC) context. Using exploratory factor analysis with responses from 490 ECEC-workers from the Oslo Early Education Study, our results revealed a three-factor structure of the CCNES, including emotion dismissing, emotion coaching, and emotion distracting. Model specifications were conducted in half the sample and cross-validated in the other half. ECEC-workers’ coaching and distracting correlated positively with each other and with their reports of supportive scaffolding practices and self-efficacy in supporting children’s socioemotional development. Dismissing correlated negatively with these measures. Practice and Policy. Our results indicate that this ECEC version of the CCNES is a valid instrument to assess ECEC-workers’ emotion socialization strategies in interactions with children, and to support the use of distracting as a separate strategy. This instrument enables extending our knowledge of teacher–child interaction quality in ECEC by examining associations with children’s development. The CCNES could also form the baseline for discussions and reflections about ECEC-workers’ professional roles and development.

Nystad, Kathrin; Drugli, May Britt, Lydersen, Stian, Tveit, Håvard Horndalen, Lekhal, Ratib & Buøen, Elisabet Solheim (2024)

Toddlers’ Cortisol Levels in Childcare and at Home

Early Education and Development, 36(1) , s. 62-79. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2024.2360873 - Full text in research archive

Research Findings: Measuring toddlers’ cortisol levels both in childcare and at home and their relation to child- and childcare-related factors may help to identify stress-inducing childcare practices and children who are more vulnerable to stress in childcare. Accordingly, toddlers’ (n = 320, 51.2% female, mean age = 26.8 months) cortisol levels in childcare and at home and their relation to childcare quality and child- and family-related factors were investigated using linear mixed model analyses. Mid-morning to mid-afternoon cortisol levels increased in childcare and decreased at home. Younger children had higher overall cortisol levels. Children attending groups with a higher caregiver – child ratio had slightly higher cortisol levels in childcare and slightly lower cortisol levels at home. Toddlers attending disorganized groups were considerably more stressed in childcare. Practice or Policy: The present study underlines the importance of sufficient caregiver availability and stable routines in toddler classrooms.

Bratlie, Siri Steffensen; Grøver, Vibeke, Lekhal, Ratib, Chen, Si & Rydland, Veslemøy (2024)

Home literacy environment, language use, and proficiency: Bilingual profiles in young learners

Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 96 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2024.101728 - Full text in research archive

Expanded research is needed on how the home environment shapes bilingual proficiency in young children exposed to a different language at home than in early childhood education and care settings. This study examined whether variation in language use with parents, language proficiency, and home literacy environments reflect bilingual profiles. Participants included 320 Norwegian dual language learners (aged 22–68 months) with diverse language backgrounds. Parental surveys assessed language use, first language (L1) proficiency and home literacy environment. Standardized tests assessed second language (L2) proficiency. Latent profile analysis revealed three profiles: (1) more L2 use, higher L2 proficiency and higher L2 home literacy environment; (2) more L1 use, higher L1 proficiency and lower home literacy environments for both languages; and (3) more L1 use, higher proficiency in L1 and L2, and higher home literacy environments for both languages. Profiles differed in L1 distribution, maternal residency length in Norway, and maternal education

Eng, Kristin Fjæra; Lekhal, Ratib, Helseth, Sølvi, Hagen, Milada & Lekhal, Samira (2024)

Enhancing adherence to recommended food practices in Norwegian kindergartens: The role of knowledge and application of national guidelines for food and meals

Health Education Journal, 83(5) , s. 519-530. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/00178969241249977

Fjæra, Kristin; Lekhal, Samira, Lekhal, Ratib & Helseth, Sølvi (2024)

Implementation of Guidelines for Food and Meals in Kindergartens: Perspectives from Norwegian Kindergarten Staff

Global Implementation Research and Applications, 5, s. 13-26. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43477-024-00139-1

Buøen, Elisabet Solheim; Drugli, May Britt & Lekhal, Ratib (2024)

Bedre samspillskvalitet

Cappelen Damm Akademisk

Eng, Kristin Fjæra; Lekhal, Ratib, Helseth, Sølvi, Småstuen, Milada Cvancarova & Lekhal, Samira (2024)

The effect of the association between food budget and food quality on adherence to national guidelines in kindergartens, and the impact of budget limit on the food quality

Food & Nutrition Research (FNR), 68, s. 1-9. Doi: https://doi.org/10.29219/fnr.v68.9524 - Full text in research archive

In Norway, almost 97% of children attend kindergartens. Most of the daily food intake happens during the day in kindergartens, and the quality of food and meals being served is essential to promote healthy food habits. There is variation in the food that kindergartens provide, and kindergartens can ask for additional payment from parents to cover the food. There are no rules neither across kindergartens for the food offering nor how much additional payment kindergarten can request. Objective: Our main objective is to investigate possible associations between the food budget and the quality of food offered in kindergartens. We specifically aimed to identify budget levels that were associated with better adherence to national guidelines, thereby the quality of the food provided, as recommended by the Norwegian Directorate of Health. Design: A cross-sectional study design, based on kindergarten pedagogical leaders’ answers to a web-based questionnaire. Settings: Private and public kindergartens across Norway are included in this present study. Participants: A total of 324 kindergarten staff attending on behalf of kindergartens participated. Results: The food budget thresholds over NOK 199 are associated with higher quality of served food, in adherence to national guidelines of food and meals (odds ratio 5.2, CI = [1.5, 16.5]), compared to thresholds under 199 NOK. However, increasing the monthly food budget per child to low (200–299 NOK), medium (300–399 NOK), high (400–499 NOK), or very high (>500 NOK) levels did not lead to an improvement in food quality. Conclusion: The main results reveal that budget plays a limited role in the quality of food and meals served as long as it is above ‘very low’ (199 NOK) food budget threshold. We assume that other contextual factors can influence the quality of food and meals in a more prominent role.

Ovati, Tone Sofie Røsholt; Rydland, Veslemøy, Grøver, Vibeke & Lekhal, Ratib (2024)

Teacher perceptions of parent collaboration in multi-ethnic ECEC settings

Frontiers in Education, 9 Doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1340295 - Full text in research archive

Karlsen, Lisa-Marie; Rydland, Veslemøy, Buøen, Elisabet Solheim, Vandell, Deborah Lowe & Lekhal, Ratib (2023)

The factor structures of the Classroom Assessment Scoring System Pre-K and mature play observation tool in multi-ethnic Norwegian early childhood centers

Journal of Early Childhood Research, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718X231195708 - Full text in research archive

The use of standardized assessment tools for the evaluation of quality in early childhood education and care (ECEC) is on the rise, yet a greater understanding of the applicability of these tools across contexts is still needed. This study investigates the factor structure of two assessment tools, the Classroom Assessment Scoring System Pre-K (CLASS) and Mature Play Observation Tool (MPOT) in a free-play focused context serving high numbers of children with diverse language backgrounds in Norway. The study also evaluates the extent to which these tools complement each other to create a more comprehensive understanding of children’s experiences in ECEC in this context. Using confirmatory factor analyses, our results from a sample of 125 multi-ethnic ECEC groups in Norway show a good fit for the two-factor (i.e., adult- and child-focused) model proposed by the authors of MPOT. In line with previous research, the three-factor (i.e., emotional support, classroom organization, and support for learning) model of CLASS required post hoc modifications, resulting in a marginally acceptable model fit. Overall, our findings provide evidence that the original factor structures of these tools can be modeled in urban ECEC centers in Norway, and using these tools provides different insights into children’s ECEC experiences.

Wilhelmsen, Tiril; Røysamb, Espen, Lekhal, Ratib, Brandlistuen, Ragnhild Eek, Alexandersen, Nina & Wang, Mari Vaage (2023)

Children's mental health: The role of multiple risks and child care quality

Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 86 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2023.101546 - Full text in research archive

The benefit of universal access to Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) for children's development can depend on the ECEC quality and children's early childhood risks. This study utilised data from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa; N = 7355, 50.2% boys) to investigate the relative contribution of children's early childhood risk accumulated up to three years of age and five separate dimensions of ECEC quality on children's mental health (externalising and internalising problems) at five years of age rated by mothers and teachers. Results from the hierarchical regression models indicated that lower ECEC quality added to, and higher ECEC quality counteracted, the risk of mental health problems. Relationship quality was the strongest contributor. Total ECEC quality and relationship quality interacted significantly with early childhood risk, indicating that higher ECEC quality protected against, while lower ECEC quality exacerbated, the detrimental effects of early childhood risk on mental health problems.

Lekhal, Ratib; Drugli, May Britt, Karlsen, Lisa-Marie, Lydersen, Stian & Buøen, Elisabet Solheim (2023)

Does thrive by three, a quality-building intervention in childcare centres, strengthen children’s language skills?

European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, , s. 1-16. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2023.2260131 - Full text in research archive

This study examined the effectiveness of the Thrive by Three intervention for 1- to 3-year-old’s language development. Data from 78 childcare centres, 187 toddler classrooms, and 1561 children (91.4% native Norwegian) were included. Results revealed that children in the intervention group had slightly steeper language development than those in the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant. Since previous studies find language stimulation in childcare to differ based on gender, we also examined if the Thrive by Three intervention affected boys and girls differently. We found that effects of the intervention were only present for girls’ language development. Girls in the intervention group had an increase of 17 more words from baseline to post-intervention than those in the control group. There was no statistical difference in change of boys’ language development between the intervention and control group. Results are discussed in light of theories and literature that may explain our findings.

Stensen, Kenneth; Lydersen, Stian, Ranøyen, Ingunn, Lekhal, Ratib, Drugli, May Britt & Buøen, Elisabet Solheim (2023)

Investigating the Measurement Invariance of the Caregiver-Teacher Report Form (C-TRF) Factors in a Norwegian Early Childhood Education and Care Context

Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-023-10074-4 - Full text in research archive

The Caregiver-Teacher Report Form (C-TRF) is an instrument frequently used by researchers and clinicians to assess psychopathology in preschool children based on information from early childhood education and care professionals. However, the measurement invariance of this instrument has not been investigated. Thus, the aim of the current study was to investigate the measurement invariance of the C-TRF for (1) girls vs. boys, and (2) for children below the age of three years old vs. three years or older, as measurement invariance is a prerequisite for a meaningful comparison of latent means between groups. Based on reports of 2904 children from 353 early childhood education and care professionals, our results showed full scalar invariance for an adapted C-TRF model, which supports the applicability of the instrument. However, awareness of the factor Somatic complaints and items with out-of-range parameters is warranted.

Drugli, May Britt; Buøen, Elisabet Solheim & Lekhal, Ratib (2023)

Erfaringer med Trygg før 3 - profesjonsutvikling på småbarnsavdelinger - en kvalitativ studie

Paideia - Tidsskrift for professionel pædagogisk praksis, 26, s. 20-31.

Stensen, Kenneth; Lydersen, Stian, Ranøyen, Ingunn, Klöckner, Christian Andreas Nikolaus, Buøen, Elisabet Solheim, Lekhal, Ratib & Drugli, May Britt (2023)

Psychometric Properties of the Student-Teacher Relationship Scale-Short Form in a Norwegian Early Childhood Education and Care Context

Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 41(5) , s. 514-525. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/07342829231166251 - Full text in research archive

The Student-Teacher Relationship Scale-Short Form (STRS-SF) is one of the most frequently used instruments globally to measure professional caregivers’ perceptions of the relationship quality with a specific child. However, its psychometric properties for children younger than 3 years of age enrolled in early childhood education and care (ECEC) centers are largely unknown. Thus, this study aimed to investigate and evaluate the factorial validity of the STRS-SF and measurement invariance across children’s gender and age by combining two large Norwegian community samples (N = 2900), covering the full age range of children enrolled in ECEC (1–6 years olds). Our findings indicate promising psychometric properties for the STRS-SF; thus, its applicability is supported for both younger and older children indiscriminate of their gender. However, some caution is advised when comparing latent means between older and younger ECEC children because professional caregivers interpret the STRS-SF differently based on children’s age.

Trijp, Catharina Petronella Johanna van; Lekhal, Ratib, Drugli, May Britt, Rydland, Veslemøy & Buøen, Elisabet Solheim (2023)

Examining the longitudinal association between toddlers’ early shyness and their well-being during their first year in Norwegian early childhood education and care

Early Child Development and Care, , s. 1403-1416. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2023.2247188 - Full text in research archive

Toddlers’ social – emotional well-Being in ECEC Shyness Being shy in ECEC Longitudinal association between early shyness and well-being in ECEC The present study Method Results Discussion Acknowledgements Disclosure statement Additional information References Full Article Figures & data References Citations Metrics Licensing Reprints & Permissions View PDFView EPUB ABSTRACT Using a multilevel random-coefficient approach, we examined the longitudinal association between toddlers’ early shyness and their well-being during their first year in Norwegian early childhood education and care (ECEC) centres. We used data from two measurement points (preintervention and postintervention) from a larger cluster randomized controlled trial study, Thrive by 3. We followed 567 children (answered by 415 mothers and 152 fathers) who were younger than 19 months and had just started in ECEC at preintervention. Our findings indicate that toddlers’ early shyness during their starting period in ECEC is associated with their well-being by the end of their first year in ECEC. Our findings highlight the importance of paying extra attention to shy toddlers, as they seem to show less well-being during their early period in ECEC.

Karlsen, Lisa-Marie; Rydland, Veslemøy, Buøen, Elisabet Solheim, Vandell, Deborah Lowe & Lekhal, Ratib (2023)

The factor structures of the Classroom Assessment Scoring System Pre-K and mature play observation tool in multi-ethnic Norwegian early childhood centers

Journal of Early Childhood Research, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718X231195708 - Full text in research archive

The use of standardized assessment tools for the evaluation of quality in early childhood education and care (ECEC) is on the rise, yet a greater understanding of the applicability of these tools across contexts is still needed. This study investigates the factor structure of two assessment tools, the Classroom Assessment Scoring System Pre-K (CLASS) and Mature Play Observation Tool (MPOT) in a free-play focused context serving high numbers of children with diverse language backgrounds in Norway. The study also evaluates the extent to which these tools complement each other to create a more comprehensive understanding of children’s experiences in ECEC in this context. Using confirmatory factor analyses, our results from a sample of 125 multi-ethnic ECEC groups in Norway show a good fit for the two-factor (i.e., adult- and child-focused) model proposed by the authors of MPOT. In line with previous research, the three-factor (i.e., emotional support, classroom organization, and support for learning) model of CLASS required post hoc modifications, resulting in a marginally acceptable model fit. Overall, our findings provide evidence that the original factor structures of these tools can be modeled in urban ECEC centers in Norway, and using these tools provides different insights into children’s ECEC experiences.

Wilhelmsen, Tiril; Røysamb, Espen, Lekhal, Ratib, Brandlistuen, Ragnhild Eek, Alexandersen, Nina & Wang, Mari Vaage (2023)

Children's mental health: The role of multiple risks and child care quality

Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 86 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2023.101546 - Full text in research archive

The benefit of universal access to Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) for children's development can depend on the ECEC quality and children's early childhood risks. This study utilised data from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa; N = 7355, 50.2% boys) to investigate the relative contribution of children's early childhood risk accumulated up to three years of age and five separate dimensions of ECEC quality on children's mental health (externalising and internalising problems) at five years of age rated by mothers and teachers. Results from the hierarchical regression models indicated that lower ECEC quality added to, and higher ECEC quality counteracted, the risk of mental health problems. Relationship quality was the strongest contributor. Total ECEC quality and relationship quality interacted significantly with early childhood risk, indicating that higher ECEC quality protected against, while lower ECEC quality exacerbated, the detrimental effects of early childhood risk on mental health problems.

Drugli, May Britt; Buøen, Elisabet Solheim & Lekhal, Ratib (2023)

Erfaringer med Trygg før 3 - profesjonsutvikling på småbarnsavdelinger - en kvalitativ studie

Paideia - Tidsskrift for professionel pædagogisk praksis, 26, s. 20-31.

Stensen, Kenneth; Lydersen, Stian, Ranøyen, Ingunn, Klöckner, Christian Andreas Nikolaus, Buøen, Elisabet Solheim, Lekhal, Ratib & Drugli, May Britt (2023)

Psychometric Properties of the Student-Teacher Relationship Scale-Short Form in a Norwegian Early Childhood Education and Care Context

Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 41(5) , s. 514-525. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/07342829231166251 - Full text in research archive

The Student-Teacher Relationship Scale-Short Form (STRS-SF) is one of the most frequently used instruments globally to measure professional caregivers’ perceptions of the relationship quality with a specific child. However, its psychometric properties for children younger than 3 years of age enrolled in early childhood education and care (ECEC) centers are largely unknown. Thus, this study aimed to investigate and evaluate the factorial validity of the STRS-SF and measurement invariance across children’s gender and age by combining two large Norwegian community samples (N = 2900), covering the full age range of children enrolled in ECEC (1–6 years olds). Our findings indicate promising psychometric properties for the STRS-SF; thus, its applicability is supported for both younger and older children indiscriminate of their gender. However, some caution is advised when comparing latent means between older and younger ECEC children because professional caregivers interpret the STRS-SF differently based on children’s age.

Lekhal, Ratib; Drugli, May Britt, Karlsen, Lisa-Marie, Lydersen, Stian & Buøen, Elisabet Solheim (2023)

Does thrive by three, a quality-building intervention in childcare centres, strengthen children’s language skills?

European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, , s. 1-16. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2023.2260131 - Full text in research archive

This study examined the effectiveness of the Thrive by Three intervention for 1- to 3-year-old’s language development. Data from 78 childcare centres, 187 toddler classrooms, and 1561 children (91.4% native Norwegian) were included. Results revealed that children in the intervention group had slightly steeper language development than those in the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant. Since previous studies find language stimulation in childcare to differ based on gender, we also examined if the Thrive by Three intervention affected boys and girls differently. We found that effects of the intervention were only present for girls’ language development. Girls in the intervention group had an increase of 17 more words from baseline to post-intervention than those in the control group. There was no statistical difference in change of boys’ language development between the intervention and control group. Results are discussed in light of theories and literature that may explain our findings.

Stensen, Kenneth; Lydersen, Stian, Ranøyen, Ingunn, Lekhal, Ratib, Drugli, May Britt & Buøen, Elisabet Solheim (2023)

Investigating the Measurement Invariance of the Caregiver-Teacher Report Form (C-TRF) Factors in a Norwegian Early Childhood Education and Care Context

Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-023-10074-4 - Full text in research archive

The Caregiver-Teacher Report Form (C-TRF) is an instrument frequently used by researchers and clinicians to assess psychopathology in preschool children based on information from early childhood education and care professionals. However, the measurement invariance of this instrument has not been investigated. Thus, the aim of the current study was to investigate the measurement invariance of the C-TRF for (1) girls vs. boys, and (2) for children below the age of three years old vs. three years or older, as measurement invariance is a prerequisite for a meaningful comparison of latent means between groups. Based on reports of 2904 children from 353 early childhood education and care professionals, our results showed full scalar invariance for an adapted C-TRF model, which supports the applicability of the instrument. However, awareness of the factor Somatic complaints and items with out-of-range parameters is warranted.

Trijp, Catharina Petronella Johanna van; Lekhal, Ratib, Drugli, May Britt, Rydland, Veslemøy & Buøen, Elisabet Solheim (2023)

Examining the longitudinal association between toddlers’ early shyness and their well-being during their first year in Norwegian early childhood education and care

Early Child Development and Care, , s. 1403-1416. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2023.2247188 - Full text in research archive

Toddlers’ social – emotional well-Being in ECEC Shyness Being shy in ECEC Longitudinal association between early shyness and well-being in ECEC The present study Method Results Discussion Acknowledgements Disclosure statement Additional information References Full Article Figures & data References Citations Metrics Licensing Reprints & Permissions View PDFView EPUB ABSTRACT Using a multilevel random-coefficient approach, we examined the longitudinal association between toddlers’ early shyness and their well-being during their first year in Norwegian early childhood education and care (ECEC) centres. We used data from two measurement points (preintervention and postintervention) from a larger cluster randomized controlled trial study, Thrive by 3. We followed 567 children (answered by 415 mothers and 152 fathers) who were younger than 19 months and had just started in ECEC at preintervention. Our findings indicate that toddlers’ early shyness during their starting period in ECEC is associated with their well-being by the end of their first year in ECEC. Our findings highlight the importance of paying extra attention to shy toddlers, as they seem to show less well-being during their early period in ECEC.

Biele, Guido; Lekhal, Ratib, Øvergaard, Kristin Romvig, Wang, Mari Vaage, Brandlistuen, Ragnhild Eek, Friis, Svein & Zeiner, Pål (2022)

The effect of special educational assistance in early childhood education and care on psycho-social difficulties in elementary school children

Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health (CAPMH), 16 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-022-00442-5 - Full text in research archive

Nystad, Kathrin; Drugli, May Britt, Lydersen, Stian, Lekhal, Ratib & Buøen, Elisabet Solheim (2022)

Change in toddlers' cortisol activity during a year in childcare. Associations with childcare quality, child temperament, well-being and maternal education.

Stress, 25(1) , s. 156-165. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890.2022.2048371 - Full text in research archive

Elevated levels of the stress hormone cortisol have been found in toddlers in childcare. Measuring cortisol may provide an indication of children’s experiences in childcare and help to adjust practices better to their needs. To the best of our knowledge, toddlers’ cortisol levels in childcare have not yet been investigated longitudinally. Furthermore, it is unclear which child and childcare factors contribute to cortisol elevation in toddlers. Using linear mixed model analyses, we investigated the full-day cortisol activity (10.00 h, 15.00 h, 18.00 h) of 156 toddlers (81 female, 56 male) during a year in childcare (September, January, June). We also investigated child cortisol levels at home in January. In addition, we tested the relation between cortisol activity and changes in cortisol activity across the year and childcare quality, temperament, well-being in childcare, and maternal education. We found increasing evening cortisol levels through the year while controlling for age. Afternoon cortisol levels were stable, but above morning cortisol levels in September and January and only slightly below morning cortisol levels in June. At home in January, afternoon levels were significantly below morning levels. Higher well-being in childcare was associated with lower overall cortisol levels and less increase in evening cortisol levels through the year in childcare. Further, less active toddlers seemed to accumulate some stress during the childcare day, indicated by higher evening cortisol levels. Rising evening cortisol levels may indicate accumulating stress across the year. Results point toward childcare being demanding for toddlers and their need for consideration from caregivers and parents, also after a longer period of childcare attendance. The findings underline the importance of observing, promoting, and further researching children’s well-being in childcare.

Biele, Guido; Lekhal, Ratib, Øvergaard, Kristin Romvig, Wang, Mari Vaage, Brandlistuen, Ragnhild Eek, Friis, Svein & Zeiner, Pål (2022)

The effect of special educational assistance in early childhood education and care on psycho-social difficulties in elementary school children

Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health (CAPMH), 16 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-022-00442-5 - Full text in research archive

Nystad, Kathrin; Drugli, May Britt, Lydersen, Stian, Lekhal, Ratib & Buøen, Elisabet Solheim (2022)

Change in toddlers' cortisol activity during a year in childcare. Associations with childcare quality, child temperament, well-being and maternal education.

Stress, 25(1) , s. 156-165. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890.2022.2048371 - Full text in research archive

Elevated levels of the stress hormone cortisol have been found in toddlers in childcare. Measuring cortisol may provide an indication of children’s experiences in childcare and help to adjust practices better to their needs. To the best of our knowledge, toddlers’ cortisol levels in childcare have not yet been investigated longitudinally. Furthermore, it is unclear which child and childcare factors contribute to cortisol elevation in toddlers. Using linear mixed model analyses, we investigated the full-day cortisol activity (10.00 h, 15.00 h, 18.00 h) of 156 toddlers (81 female, 56 male) during a year in childcare (September, January, June). We also investigated child cortisol levels at home in January. In addition, we tested the relation between cortisol activity and changes in cortisol activity across the year and childcare quality, temperament, well-being in childcare, and maternal education. We found increasing evening cortisol levels through the year while controlling for age. Afternoon cortisol levels were stable, but above morning cortisol levels in September and January and only slightly below morning cortisol levels in June. At home in January, afternoon levels were significantly below morning levels. Higher well-being in childcare was associated with lower overall cortisol levels and less increase in evening cortisol levels through the year in childcare. Further, less active toddlers seemed to accumulate some stress during the childcare day, indicated by higher evening cortisol levels. Rising evening cortisol levels may indicate accumulating stress across the year. Results point toward childcare being demanding for toddlers and their need for consideration from caregivers and parents, also after a longer period of childcare attendance. The findings underline the importance of observing, promoting, and further researching children’s well-being in childcare.

Wilhelmsen, Tiril; Lekhal, Ratib, Alexandersen, Nina, Brandlistuen, Ragnhild Eek & Wang, Mari Vaage (2021)

Children’s temperament moderates the long-term effects of pedagogical practices in ECEC on children’s externalising problems

European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 29(2) , s. 206-223. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2021.1895273 - Full text in research archive

In this study, we explored how free play and scaffolding practices in Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) related to children’sexternalising problems both in ECEC and later in school.Furthermore, we aimed to reduce the knowledge gap of whether these relations depended on children’s differences in emotional temperament. We used structural equation modelling to analysedata from 7421 children from the Norwegian Mother, Father an dChild Cohort Study. Results indicated that more free playassociated with less externalising problems in ECEC for children ingeneral. For children with higher emotionality, more free playrelated to increased externalising problems in school. Scaffoldingin ECEC was not associated with externalising problems, butmoderated the longitudinal association of free play for children with higher emotionality. All children benefited from free play in ECEC for their concurrent mental health. However, for childrenwith higher emotionality, more free play in ECEC might be a riskfactor for reduced mental health in school, where there is lessfree play than in ECEC. More scaffolding in combination with freeplay in ECEC can reduce this risk. Further research should addressthe content of play and scaffolding practices in more detail.

Trijp, Catharina Petronella Johanna Van; Lekhal, Ratib, Drugli, May Britt, Rydland, Veslemøy, Gils, Suzanne van, Vermeer, Harriet J & Buøen, Elisabet Solheim (2021)

The Association between Toddlers’ Temperament and Well-Being in Norwegian Early Childhood Education and Care, and the Moderating Effect of Center-Based Daycare Process Quality.

Frontiers in Psychology, 12 Doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.763682 - Full text in research archive

Children who experience well-being are engaging more confidently and positively with their caregiver(s) and peers, which helps them to profit more from available learning opportunities and support current and later life outcomes. The goodness-of-fit theory suggests that children’s well-being might be a result of the interplay between their temperament and the environment. However, there is a lack of studies that examined the association between children’s temperament and well-being in early childhood education and care (ECEC), and whether this association is affected by ECEC process quality. Using a multilevel random coefficient approach, this study examines the association between toddlers’ (N = 1,561) temperament (shyness, emotionality, sociability, and activity) and well-being in Norwegian ECEC and investigates whether process quality moderates this association. Results reveal an association between temperament and well-being. Staff-child conflict moderates the association between shyness and well-being, and between activity and well-being. Moreover, high emotional behavioral support moderates the association between activity and well-being. Extra attention should be paid by the staff to these children’s needs.

Nystad, Kathrin; Drugli, May Britt, Lydersen, Stian, Lekhal, Ratib & Buøen, Elisabet Solheim (2021)

Toddlers' stress during transition to childcare

European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 29(2) , s. 157-182. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2021.1895269 - Full text in research archive

In toddlers, the transition from home to childcare might elicit high levels of the stress hormone cortisol. Measuring cortisol may give an indicator for children’s experience and hence, may help improve this transition. We applied linear mixed model analyses to investigate the cortisol levels of 119 toddlers during their transition to childcare across time of day (morning, afternoon, and evening) and phase (accompanied by parents, separated from parents, and after four to six weeks in childcare). The influence of age, gender, number of siblings, and childcare group size was analyzed. Time of day and phase influenced cortisol levels significantly. On average, children had elevated cortisol levels in the afternoon throughout transition, with the peak coming in the separation phase. Cortisol levels declined significantly toward the evening. Children younger than 14 months showed higher evening levels and higher afternoon levels after 4–6 weeks in childcare. The findings suggest that the onset of childcare – particularly separation from parents – may be demanding for toddlers. Low evening levels indicate relief of tension at home. Higher levels of afternoon cortisol of under 14- months-old children at the follow-up measurement may indicate that younger children need more time to settle in at childcare.

Buøen, Elisabet Solheim; Lekhal, Ratib, Lydersen, Stian, Berg-Nielsen, Turid Suzanne & Drugli, May Britt (2021)

Promoting the Quality of Teacher-Toddler Interactions: A Randomized Controlled Trial of “Thrive by Three” In-Service Professional Development in 187 Norwegian Toddler Classrooms

Frontiers in Psychology, 12 Doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.778777 - Full text in research archive

The effectiveness of the Thrive by Three intervention, a 10-month, multicomponent, in-service professional development model to promote the quality of caregiver-toddler interactions (i.e., process quality), was tested utilizing a clustered randomized controlled design. Eighty childcare centers with 187 toddler classrooms in Norway were randomly assigned to either the Thrive by Three intervention group (n=87) or a usual-activity wait list control group (n=100). Interactional quality was assessed with the Toddler version of the Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS-Toddler) at three timepoints: pre-, mid-, and post-intervention. There were significant group differences in change in quality during the intervention period in both CLASS domains, Emotional and Behavioral Support (EBS), and Engaged Support for Learning (ESL), with greater overall differences in the ESL domain. Quality increased in the intervention groups, but quality decreased in the control group from baseline to post-intervention. There were significant group differences in quality at baseline. The Thrive by Three intervention had a positive effect on teacher-toddler interactions in both the EBS and ESL domains. Results need to be replicated preferably in more diverse samples.

Lekhal, Ratib & Karlsen, Lisa (2021)

Bullying of students who receive special education services for learning and behaviour difficulties in Norway

International Journal of Inclusive Education, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2021.1991487 - Full text in research archive

Recent research in economic geography has introduced two notions that historical studies should explore: regional resilience and related variety. Regional resilience refers to a region’s ability to recover from external shocks. Related variety refers to the existence of related industrial sectors in a region, and the relatedness promotes economic development due to spill-overs between sectors. From an evolutionary perspective, external shocks result in new development paths in regions with related variety. This is a dynamic process well suited to historical studies. This article argues that historical studies can contribute to this literature by studying how related sectors interact in resilient regions. We propose that family firms may act as a micro-coordination mechanism by moving financial and human resources from one sector to another related sector as a response to shock. The paper develops this argument by studying how six major regional business families within ocean industries reacted to external shocks over time.

Trijp, Catharina Petronella Johanna Van; Lekhal, Ratib, Drugli, May Britt, Rydland, Veslemøy & Buøen, Elisabet Solheim (2021)

Validation of the Leiden Inventory for the Child’s Well-Being in Daycare (LICW-D) Questionnaire in Norwegian Early Childhood Education and Care Centers

Frontiers in Psychology, 12 Doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.767137 - Full text in research archive

The promotion of children’s development and well-being is a core concept in Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) quality frameworks. Yet, few validated instruments measuring young children’s well-being exist. This study examined the validity of The Leiden Inventory for the Child’s Well-being in Daycare (LICW-D) (De Schipper et al., 2004b) in a sample of toddlers (n = 1,472) attending ECEC centers in Norway, using confirmatory factor analysis. Factorial invariance across gender and concurrent validity were also investigated. Indicators of concurrent validity were problem behaviors and difficult temperament, as rated by professional caregivers. Results showed a marginally acceptable fit for the hypothesized one-factor model, when allowing the measurement error of four item pairs to be correlated. This slightly modified model showed satisfactory concurrent validity, and factorial invariance across gender was confirmed.

Wilhelmsen, Tiril; Lekhal, Ratib, Alexandersen, Nina, Brandlistuen, Ragnhild Eek & Wang, Mari Vaage (2021)

Children’s temperament moderates the long-term effects of pedagogical practices in ECEC on children’s externalising problems

European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 29(2) , s. 206-223. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2021.1895273 - Full text in research archive

In this study, we explored how free play and scaffolding practices in Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) related to children’sexternalising problems both in ECEC and later in school.Furthermore, we aimed to reduce the knowledge gap of whether these relations depended on children’s differences in emotional temperament. We used structural equation modelling to analysedata from 7421 children from the Norwegian Mother, Father an dChild Cohort Study. Results indicated that more free playassociated with less externalising problems in ECEC for children ingeneral. For children with higher emotionality, more free playrelated to increased externalising problems in school. Scaffoldingin ECEC was not associated with externalising problems, butmoderated the longitudinal association of free play for children with higher emotionality. All children benefited from free play in ECEC for their concurrent mental health. However, for childrenwith higher emotionality, more free play in ECEC might be a riskfactor for reduced mental health in school, where there is lessfree play than in ECEC. More scaffolding in combination with freeplay in ECEC can reduce this risk. Further research should addressthe content of play and scaffolding practices in more detail.

Trijp, Catharina Petronella Johanna Van; Lekhal, Ratib, Drugli, May Britt, Rydland, Veslemøy, Gils, Suzanne van, Vermeer, Harriet J & Buøen, Elisabet Solheim (2021)

The Association between Toddlers’ Temperament and Well-Being in Norwegian Early Childhood Education and Care, and the Moderating Effect of Center-Based Daycare Process Quality.

Frontiers in Psychology, 12 Doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.763682 - Full text in research archive

Children who experience well-being are engaging more confidently and positively with their caregiver(s) and peers, which helps them to profit more from available learning opportunities and support current and later life outcomes. The goodness-of-fit theory suggests that children’s well-being might be a result of the interplay between their temperament and the environment. However, there is a lack of studies that examined the association between children’s temperament and well-being in early childhood education and care (ECEC), and whether this association is affected by ECEC process quality. Using a multilevel random coefficient approach, this study examines the association between toddlers’ (N = 1,561) temperament (shyness, emotionality, sociability, and activity) and well-being in Norwegian ECEC and investigates whether process quality moderates this association. Results reveal an association between temperament and well-being. Staff-child conflict moderates the association between shyness and well-being, and between activity and well-being. Moreover, high emotional behavioral support moderates the association between activity and well-being. Extra attention should be paid by the staff to these children’s needs.

Nystad, Kathrin; Drugli, May Britt, Lydersen, Stian, Lekhal, Ratib & Buøen, Elisabet Solheim (2021)

Toddlers' stress during transition to childcare

European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 29(2) , s. 157-182. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2021.1895269 - Full text in research archive

In toddlers, the transition from home to childcare might elicit high levels of the stress hormone cortisol. Measuring cortisol may give an indicator for children’s experience and hence, may help improve this transition. We applied linear mixed model analyses to investigate the cortisol levels of 119 toddlers during their transition to childcare across time of day (morning, afternoon, and evening) and phase (accompanied by parents, separated from parents, and after four to six weeks in childcare). The influence of age, gender, number of siblings, and childcare group size was analyzed. Time of day and phase influenced cortisol levels significantly. On average, children had elevated cortisol levels in the afternoon throughout transition, with the peak coming in the separation phase. Cortisol levels declined significantly toward the evening. Children younger than 14 months showed higher evening levels and higher afternoon levels after 4–6 weeks in childcare. The findings suggest that the onset of childcare – particularly separation from parents – may be demanding for toddlers. Low evening levels indicate relief of tension at home. Higher levels of afternoon cortisol of under 14- months-old children at the follow-up measurement may indicate that younger children need more time to settle in at childcare.

Buøen, Elisabet Solheim; Lekhal, Ratib, Lydersen, Stian, Berg-Nielsen, Turid Suzanne & Drugli, May Britt (2021)

Promoting the Quality of Teacher-Toddler Interactions: A Randomized Controlled Trial of “Thrive by Three” In-Service Professional Development in 187 Norwegian Toddler Classrooms

Frontiers in Psychology, 12 Doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.778777 - Full text in research archive

The effectiveness of the Thrive by Three intervention, a 10-month, multicomponent, in-service professional development model to promote the quality of caregiver-toddler interactions (i.e., process quality), was tested utilizing a clustered randomized controlled design. Eighty childcare centers with 187 toddler classrooms in Norway were randomly assigned to either the Thrive by Three intervention group (n=87) or a usual-activity wait list control group (n=100). Interactional quality was assessed with the Toddler version of the Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS-Toddler) at three timepoints: pre-, mid-, and post-intervention. There were significant group differences in change in quality during the intervention period in both CLASS domains, Emotional and Behavioral Support (EBS), and Engaged Support for Learning (ESL), with greater overall differences in the ESL domain. Quality increased in the intervention groups, but quality decreased in the control group from baseline to post-intervention. There were significant group differences in quality at baseline. The Thrive by Three intervention had a positive effect on teacher-toddler interactions in both the EBS and ESL domains. Results need to be replicated preferably in more diverse samples.

Lekhal, Ratib & Karlsen, Lisa (2021)

Bullying of students who receive special education services for learning and behaviour difficulties in Norway

International Journal of Inclusive Education, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2021.1991487 - Full text in research archive

Recent research in economic geography has introduced two notions that historical studies should explore: regional resilience and related variety. Regional resilience refers to a region’s ability to recover from external shocks. Related variety refers to the existence of related industrial sectors in a region, and the relatedness promotes economic development due to spill-overs between sectors. From an evolutionary perspective, external shocks result in new development paths in regions with related variety. This is a dynamic process well suited to historical studies. This article argues that historical studies can contribute to this literature by studying how related sectors interact in resilient regions. We propose that family firms may act as a micro-coordination mechanism by moving financial and human resources from one sector to another related sector as a response to shock. The paper develops this argument by studying how six major regional business families within ocean industries reacted to external shocks over time.

Trijp, Catharina Petronella Johanna Van; Lekhal, Ratib, Drugli, May Britt, Rydland, Veslemøy & Buøen, Elisabet Solheim (2021)

Validation of the Leiden Inventory for the Child’s Well-Being in Daycare (LICW-D) Questionnaire in Norwegian Early Childhood Education and Care Centers

Frontiers in Psychology, 12 Doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.767137 - Full text in research archive

The promotion of children’s development and well-being is a core concept in Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) quality frameworks. Yet, few validated instruments measuring young children’s well-being exist. This study examined the validity of The Leiden Inventory for the Child’s Well-being in Daycare (LICW-D) (De Schipper et al., 2004b) in a sample of toddlers (n = 1,472) attending ECEC centers in Norway, using confirmatory factor analysis. Factorial invariance across gender and concurrent validity were also investigated. Indicators of concurrent validity were problem behaviors and difficult temperament, as rated by professional caregivers. Results showed a marginally acceptable fit for the hypothesized one-factor model, when allowing the measurement error of four item pairs to be correlated. This slightly modified model showed satisfactory concurrent validity, and factorial invariance across gender was confirmed.

Drugli, May Britt; Lekhal, Ratib & Buøen, Elisabet Solheim (2020)

Tilvenning og foreldresamarbeid: de yngste i barnehagen

Cappelen Damm Akademisk

Denne boken omhandler den viktige overgangen fra hjem til barnehage og inngår i serien «De yngste i barnehagen – fra forskning til praksis». Boken har som målsetting å bidra til at de yngste barna får en «sømløs» tilvenning til barnehagen. Det krever et godt samarbeid mellom foreldre og ansatte, og gode rutiner som passer for små barn. Små barn har grunnleggende behov for trygghet, tilhørighet og forutsigbarhet, samtidig som de er nysgjerrige og lekende utforskere. En god tilvenning til barnehagen ivaretar alle disse aspektene. Boken består av fire deler. I del en viser forfatterne til den nye rammeplanen, samt presenterer bokens teoretiske utgangspunkt som er systemteori, nyere teori om barns utvikling og tilknytningsteori. Del to omhandler foreldresamarbeid, da dette er helt sentralt for en god overgang fra hjem til barnehage. I del tre beskrives forskning som foreligger på tilvenning og i del fire beskrives en rekke praktiske tips til god praksis, samt refleksjonsoppgaver som kan benyttes i arbeidet med å evaluere og utvikle egne tilvenningsrutiner. Bokens målgruppe er først og fremst ansatte i barnehagene og studenter på barnehagelærerutdanningen, samt alle andre som er opptatt av gode barnehager for de yngste barnehagebarna

Lekhal, Ratib; Drugli, May Britt, Berg-Nielsen, Turid Suzanne & Buøen, Elisabet Solheim (2020)

A model of intervention and implementation of quality building and quality control in childcare centers to strengthen the mental health and development of 1-3-year olds: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial of thrive by three

JMIR Research Protocols, 9(10) , s. 1-12. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2196/17726 - Full text in research archive

Background: Universal, high-quality childcare offers a unique opportunity to prevent developmental trajectories leading to mental health problems. Yet, growing evidence has shown that the process quality of Norwegian childcare centers varies considerably, and that research-based models for quality building are significantly lacking. Objective: To examine whether a model for quality building in childcare centers, Thrive by Three, increases the quality of child–caregiver interactions, and promotes child development, well-being, and mental health. Methods: The Thrive by Three study is a clustered randomized controlled trial involving 187 toddler groups in childcare centers across 7 municipalities within southern and central Norway. Each center is randomly allocated to the intervention or wait-list control group. Data are collected at 4 points: preintervention (T1), midway (T2), postintervention (T3), and 1-year postintervention (T4). Primary outcomes are changes in childcare quality measured by the Classroom Assessment Scoring System toddler version (CLASS), Student–Teacher Relationship Scale, Short Form (STRS-SF), and Life in Early Childhood Programs (LECP), as well as child development and mental health measured by The Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA, parent and teacher report), the Caregiver–Teacher Report Form (C-TRF), and Child Behavior Checklist (parent report) from the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) from 1.5 to 5 years, and child well-being measured by the Leiden Inventory for Child’s Well-Being in Day Care (LICW-D). Secondary outcomes are child cortisol levels, assessed in a subsample of 372 children. Results: As of August 2020, a total of 1531 children and 769 staff from 187 toddler groups were recruited. Because of turnover, the recruitment of staff will be ongoing until August 2020. As of January 2020, the intervention group has been working with Thrive by Three for 1.5 years. Data at T1, T2, and T3 from both the intervention and control groups have been completed and T4 will be completed in August 2020. Conclusions: This study makes an important contribution to the field of quality building in childcare centers. The results will provide greater insight into how high quality can be obtained and the effects of high-quality early childcare on child mental health. This in turn will be significant for policymakers and to the Norwegian society at large.

Drugli, May Britt; Lekhal, Ratib & Buøen, Elisabet Solheim (2020)

Tilvenning og foreldresamarbeid: de yngste i barnehagen

Cappelen Damm Akademisk

Denne boken omhandler den viktige overgangen fra hjem til barnehage og inngår i serien «De yngste i barnehagen – fra forskning til praksis». Boken har som målsetting å bidra til at de yngste barna får en «sømløs» tilvenning til barnehagen. Det krever et godt samarbeid mellom foreldre og ansatte, og gode rutiner som passer for små barn. Små barn har grunnleggende behov for trygghet, tilhørighet og forutsigbarhet, samtidig som de er nysgjerrige og lekende utforskere. En god tilvenning til barnehagen ivaretar alle disse aspektene. Boken består av fire deler. I del en viser forfatterne til den nye rammeplanen, samt presenterer bokens teoretiske utgangspunkt som er systemteori, nyere teori om barns utvikling og tilknytningsteori. Del to omhandler foreldresamarbeid, da dette er helt sentralt for en god overgang fra hjem til barnehage. I del tre beskrives forskning som foreligger på tilvenning og i del fire beskrives en rekke praktiske tips til god praksis, samt refleksjonsoppgaver som kan benyttes i arbeidet med å evaluere og utvikle egne tilvenningsrutiner. Bokens målgruppe er først og fremst ansatte i barnehagene og studenter på barnehagelærerutdanningen, samt alle andre som er opptatt av gode barnehager for de yngste barnehagebarna

Lekhal, Ratib; Drugli, May Britt, Berg-Nielsen, Turid Suzanne & Buøen, Elisabet Solheim (2020)

A model of intervention and implementation of quality building and quality control in childcare centers to strengthen the mental health and development of 1-3-year olds: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial of thrive by three

JMIR Research Protocols, 9(10) , s. 1-12. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2196/17726 - Full text in research archive

Background: Universal, high-quality childcare offers a unique opportunity to prevent developmental trajectories leading to mental health problems. Yet, growing evidence has shown that the process quality of Norwegian childcare centers varies considerably, and that research-based models for quality building are significantly lacking. Objective: To examine whether a model for quality building in childcare centers, Thrive by Three, increases the quality of child–caregiver interactions, and promotes child development, well-being, and mental health. Methods: The Thrive by Three study is a clustered randomized controlled trial involving 187 toddler groups in childcare centers across 7 municipalities within southern and central Norway. Each center is randomly allocated to the intervention or wait-list control group. Data are collected at 4 points: preintervention (T1), midway (T2), postintervention (T3), and 1-year postintervention (T4). Primary outcomes are changes in childcare quality measured by the Classroom Assessment Scoring System toddler version (CLASS), Student–Teacher Relationship Scale, Short Form (STRS-SF), and Life in Early Childhood Programs (LECP), as well as child development and mental health measured by The Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA, parent and teacher report), the Caregiver–Teacher Report Form (C-TRF), and Child Behavior Checklist (parent report) from the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) from 1.5 to 5 years, and child well-being measured by the Leiden Inventory for Child’s Well-Being in Day Care (LICW-D). Secondary outcomes are child cortisol levels, assessed in a subsample of 372 children. Results: As of August 2020, a total of 1531 children and 769 staff from 187 toddler groups were recruited. Because of turnover, the recruitment of staff will be ongoing until August 2020. As of January 2020, the intervention group has been working with Thrive by Three for 1.5 years. Data at T1, T2, and T3 from both the intervention and control groups have been completed and T4 will be completed in August 2020. Conclusions: This study makes an important contribution to the field of quality building in childcare centers. The results will provide greater insight into how high quality can be obtained and the effects of high-quality early childcare on child mental health. This in turn will be significant for policymakers and to the Norwegian society at large.

Lekhal, Ratib; Drugli, May Britt & Buøen, Elisabet Solheim (2019)

Små barns læring

Cappelen Damm Akademisk

Karlsen, Lisa & Lekhal, Ratib (2019)

Practitioner involvement and support in children’s learning during free play in two Norwegian kindergartens

Journal of Early Childhood Research, 17(3) , s. 233-246. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718X19856390 - Full text in research archive

This research focuses on how practitioners in two Norwegian kindergartens interact with children during free play. The purpose of the study is to draw attention to the way the practitioners supported children’s learning through their interactions with children during free play. Through naturalistic observations of 17 practitioners, results revealed that while more than half of the day in both settings consisted of free play activities (60%), practitioners spent a significant amount of this time completely away from play situations (45.5% of free play). Of the remaining time, practitioners spent 34 percent of free playtime supporting children’s learning through joining in, commenting, instructing, or helping.

Lekhal, Samira; Slapø, Helena, Lekhal, Ratib & Drugli, May Britt (2019)

Kosthold og fysisk helse

Cappelen Damm Akademisk

Lekhal, Ratib; Drugli, May Britt & Buøen, Elisabet Solheim (2019)

Små barns læring

Cappelen Damm Akademisk

Karlsen, Lisa & Lekhal, Ratib (2019)

Practitioner involvement and support in children’s learning during free play in two Norwegian kindergartens

Journal of Early Childhood Research, 17(3) , s. 233-246. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718X19856390 - Full text in research archive

This research focuses on how practitioners in two Norwegian kindergartens interact with children during free play. The purpose of the study is to draw attention to the way the practitioners supported children’s learning through their interactions with children during free play. Through naturalistic observations of 17 practitioners, results revealed that while more than half of the day in both settings consisted of free play activities (60%), practitioners spent a significant amount of this time completely away from play situations (45.5% of free play). Of the remaining time, practitioners spent 34 percent of free playtime supporting children’s learning through joining in, commenting, instructing, or helping.

Lekhal, Samira; Slapø, Helena, Lekhal, Ratib & Drugli, May Britt (2019)

Kosthold og fysisk helse

Cappelen Damm Akademisk

Drugli, May Britt & Lekhal, Ratib (2018)

Livsmestring og psykisk helse

Cappelen Damm Akademisk

Lekhal, Ratib (2018)

Receiving extra support in Norwegian centre-based childcare: the role of children's language and socioemotional development

Early Child Development and Care, , s. 1-14. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2018.1485671

This study adds to the current literature by examining how different developmental areas (language problems or externalizing and internalizing behaviour problems) affect the possibility of a child receiving extra support early in life. The data were drawn from an online survey of 2779 children in Norway conducted in 2015 and included information about children's development and on their background and family factors. There was a strong connection between children's development and the possibility of receiving special education. However, relatively large gender differences were found. Furthermore, only a fairly small proportion of the children characterized as having a problem with language or with internalizing or externalizing behaviour were detected and actually received any special education support.

Trijp, Catharina Petronella Johanna Van & Lekhal, Ratib (2018)

Promoting children's well-being in ECEC: A challenging goal.

Journal of International Doctoral Research, 7(1) , s. 30-54.

The promotion of children’s development and well-being through high Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC), quality is one of the core concepts in many international ECEC quality frameworks and guidelines (Bagdi & Vacca, 2005; Sylva, Ereky-Stevens, & Aricescu, 2015). However, this goal has multiple challenges regarding children’s well-being. Firstly, there is a lengthy debate regarding the definition of well-being (Dodge, Daly, Huyton, & Sander, 2012), which mainly focused on adults’ well-being. Children’s well-being is underexposed (Røysamb, 2014). Secondly, children participate in different environments, such as at home and in ECEC centers (Bronfenbrenner, 1979), which might result in discrepancies regarding their well-being between these environments. This may be through the presence of protective and/or risk factors in the different environments, but also with regard to the individual child (AalbersVan Leeuwen, Van Hees, & Hermanns, 2002; Asscher, Hermanns, & Dekovic, 2008). The influence of these factors is dependent on the interplay between the child’s genes and the environment (Røysamb & Nes, 2018). These challenges and the large international political focus on children’s well-being in ECEC require a universal conceptual framework. The current study conducts a literature review regarding children’s well-being in ECEC. Based on this review, a new framework regarding zero-to-five-year olds’ well-being is presented. With this framework, organizational tools are provided for research, policies and practices to understand the complexity of children’s well-being, to develop instruments that measure well-being directly, and to see what is needed from the different environments to promote children’s well-being.

Løken, Gro; Lekhal, Ratib & Haug, Peder (2018)

Observasjon av kjønnsforskjeller og forskjeller mellom spesialundervisning og ordinær opplæring i det tilrettelagte klasserommet

Norsk og internasjonal lærerutdanningsforskning : hvor er vi? hvor vil vi gå? hva skal vi gjøre nå?, , s. 153-175.

Drugli, May Britt & Lekhal, Ratib (2018)

Livsmestring og psykisk helse

Cappelen Damm Akademisk

Lekhal, Ratib (2018)

Receiving extra support in Norwegian centre-based childcare: the role of children's language and socioemotional development

Early Child Development and Care, , s. 1-14. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2018.1485671

This study adds to the current literature by examining how different developmental areas (language problems or externalizing and internalizing behaviour problems) affect the possibility of a child receiving extra support early in life. The data were drawn from an online survey of 2779 children in Norway conducted in 2015 and included information about children's development and on their background and family factors. There was a strong connection between children's development and the possibility of receiving special education. However, relatively large gender differences were found. Furthermore, only a fairly small proportion of the children characterized as having a problem with language or with internalizing or externalizing behaviour were detected and actually received any special education support.

Trijp, Catharina Petronella Johanna Van & Lekhal, Ratib (2018)

Promoting children's well-being in ECEC: A challenging goal.

Journal of International Doctoral Research, 7(1) , s. 30-54.

The promotion of children’s development and well-being through high Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC), quality is one of the core concepts in many international ECEC quality frameworks and guidelines (Bagdi & Vacca, 2005; Sylva, Ereky-Stevens, & Aricescu, 2015). However, this goal has multiple challenges regarding children’s well-being. Firstly, there is a lengthy debate regarding the definition of well-being (Dodge, Daly, Huyton, & Sander, 2012), which mainly focused on adults’ well-being. Children’s well-being is underexposed (Røysamb, 2014). Secondly, children participate in different environments, such as at home and in ECEC centers (Bronfenbrenner, 1979), which might result in discrepancies regarding their well-being between these environments. This may be through the presence of protective and/or risk factors in the different environments, but also with regard to the individual child (AalbersVan Leeuwen, Van Hees, & Hermanns, 2002; Asscher, Hermanns, & Dekovic, 2008). The influence of these factors is dependent on the interplay between the child’s genes and the environment (Røysamb & Nes, 2018). These challenges and the large international political focus on children’s well-being in ECEC require a universal conceptual framework. The current study conducts a literature review regarding children’s well-being in ECEC. Based on this review, a new framework regarding zero-to-five-year olds’ well-being is presented. With this framework, organizational tools are provided for research, policies and practices to understand the complexity of children’s well-being, to develop instruments that measure well-being directly, and to see what is needed from the different environments to promote children’s well-being.

Løken, Gro; Lekhal, Ratib & Haug, Peder (2018)

Observasjon av kjønnsforskjeller og forskjeller mellom spesialundervisning og ordinær opplæring i det tilrettelagte klasserommet

Norsk og internasjonal lærerutdanningsforskning : hvor er vi? hvor vil vi gå? hva skal vi gjøre nå?, , s. 153-175.

Lekhal, Ratib (2017)

Elever med vedtak om spesialundervisning: Hva vet vi, hvordan har de det, og trives de på skolen?

Spesialundervisning – Innhald og funksjon, , s. 368-385.

Løken, Gro; Lekhal, Ratib & Haug, Peder (2017)

Lavt presterende elever og kjønnsforskjeller – hvem får og hvem får ikke spesialundervisning?

Spesialundervisning – Innhald og funksjon, , s. 123-145.

Lekhal, Ratib (2017)

Does special education predict students’ math and language skills?

European Journal of Special Needs Education, 33(4) , s. 525-540. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2017.1373494 - Full text in research archive

A large number of children are today receiving special education in Norway. The high cost to society and possible long-term consequences for the students make it important to understand the interrelationship of the causes and effects related to receiving special education services. Unfortunately, at present there are only few rigorous studies of the effects of receiving special education services. This study examined the interrelationship between receiving special education services and students’ math and language skills in upper secondary school in Norway. Data from 2756 students in the large population-based special education study (SPEED) was used that included information from questionnaires on students’ development, learning environment and family background. Results showed that students receiving special education services had slightly lower scores on their language test but similar scores on their math test compared to the group of students not receiving special education services, when conservative methodological approaches were used to control for possible covariate bias.

Lekhal, Ratib (2017)

Does special education predict students’ math and language skills?

European Journal of Special Needs Education, 33(4) , s. 525-540. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2017.1373494 - Full text in research archive

A large number of children are today receiving special education in Norway. The high cost to society and possible long-term consequences for the students make it important to understand the interrelationship of the causes and effects related to receiving special education services. Unfortunately, at present there are only few rigorous studies of the effects of receiving special education services. This study examined the interrelationship between receiving special education services and students’ math and language skills in upper secondary school in Norway. Data from 2756 students in the large population-based special education study (SPEED) was used that included information from questionnaires on students’ development, learning environment and family background. Results showed that students receiving special education services had slightly lower scores on their language test but similar scores on their math test compared to the group of students not receiving special education services, when conservative methodological approaches were used to control for possible covariate bias.

Lekhal, Ratib (2017)

Elever med vedtak om spesialundervisning: Hva vet vi, hvordan har de det, og trives de på skolen?

Spesialundervisning – Innhald og funksjon, , s. 368-385.

Løken, Gro; Lekhal, Ratib & Haug, Peder (2017)

Lavt presterende elever og kjønnsforskjeller – hvem får og hvem får ikke spesialundervisning?

Spesialundervisning – Innhald og funksjon, , s. 123-145.

Nordahl, Thomas; Sunnevåg, Anne-Karin, Qvortrup, Lars, Hansen, Line Skov, Hansen, Ole, Lekhal, Ratib & Drugli, May Britt (2016)

Hold ut og hold kursen. Resultater fra kartleggningsundersøkelse i Kristiansand Kommune 2015

Aalborg Universitetsforlag

Lekhal, Ratib; Zachrisson, Henrik Daae, Solheim, Elisabet, Moser, Thomas & Drugli, May Britt (2016)

Barnehagen: Betydningen av kvalitet i barnehagen

Gyldendal Akademisk

Lekhal, Ratib; Zachrisson, Henrik Daae, Solheim, Elisabet, Moser, Thomas & Drugli, May Britt (2016)

Det ved vi om: Betydningen af kvalitet i dagtilbud

Dafolo

Faldet, Ann-Cathrin & Lekhal, Ratib (2016)

Voldelige jenters opplevelse av skolen som arena for læring og sosialt samspill

Spesialpedagogikk, 81(3) , s. 51-64.

Nordahl, Thomas; Sunnevåg, Anne-Karin, Qvortrup, Lars, Hansen, Line Skov, Hansen, Ole, Lekhal, Ratib & Drugli, May Britt (2016)

Hold ut og hold kursen. Resultater fra kartleggningsundersøkelse i Kristiansand Kommune 2015

Aalborg Universitetsforlag

Lekhal, Ratib; Zachrisson, Henrik Daae, Solheim, Elisabet, Moser, Thomas & Drugli, May Britt (2016)

Barnehagen: Betydningen av kvalitet i barnehagen

Gyldendal Akademisk

Lekhal, Ratib; Zachrisson, Henrik Daae, Solheim, Elisabet, Moser, Thomas & Drugli, May Britt (2016)

Det ved vi om: Betydningen af kvalitet i dagtilbud

Dafolo

Faldet, Ann-Cathrin & Lekhal, Ratib (2016)

Voldelige jenters opplevelse av skolen som arena for læring og sosialt samspill

Spesialpedagogikk, 81(3) , s. 51-64.

Lekhal, Ratib & Mælan, Ellen Nesset (2015)

Bokstaver, tall og geometriske figurer i barnehagen-preliminære resultater fra en pilotstudie i seks barnehager: En ny vurderingsmetode?

Cepra-striben - tidsskrift for Evaluering i Praksis, (19) , s. 22-29.

Aasen, Ann Margareth; Lekhal, Ratib, Drugli, May Britt & Nordahl, Thomas (2015)

Kjønnsforskjeller i skolefaglige prestasjoner - forklaringer i elevenes holdninger til og væremåte i skolen, samt relasjonelle forhold

Paideia - Tidsskrift for professionel pædagogisk praksis, (09) , s. 76-89.

Lekhal, Ratib (2015)

What is the Best Way to Assess Quality in Childcare to Understand Its Influence on Children?

Journal of International Scientific Publications: Educational Alternatives, 13, s. 677-683.

Lekhal, Ratib (2015)

Er barnehage en risiko eller gevinst for barns utvikling?

Paideia - Tidsskrift for professionel pædagogisk praksis, 10, s. 46-55.

Lekhal, Ratib & Mælan, Ellen Nesset (2015)

Bokstaver, tall og geometriske figurer i barnehagen-preliminære resultater fra en pilotstudie i seks barnehager: En ny vurderingsmetode?

Cepra-striben - tidsskrift for Evaluering i Praksis, (19) , s. 22-29.

Aasen, Ann Margareth; Lekhal, Ratib, Drugli, May Britt & Nordahl, Thomas (2015)

Kjønnsforskjeller i skolefaglige prestasjoner - forklaringer i elevenes holdninger til og væremåte i skolen, samt relasjonelle forhold

Paideia - Tidsskrift for professionel pædagogisk praksis, (09) , s. 76-89.

Lekhal, Ratib (2015)

What is the Best Way to Assess Quality in Childcare to Understand Its Influence on Children?

Journal of International Scientific Publications: Educational Alternatives, 13, s. 677-683.

Lekhal, Ratib (2015)

Er barnehage en risiko eller gevinst for barns utvikling?

Paideia - Tidsskrift for professionel pædagogisk praksis, 10, s. 46-55.

Wang, Mari Vaage; Lekhal, Ratib, Aarø, Leif Edvard & Schjølberg, Synnve (2014)

Co-occuring development of early childhood communication and motor skills: results from a population-based longitudinal study

Child: Care, Health and Development, 40(1) , s. 77-84. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12003

Holte, Arne; Barry, Margaret M., Bekkhus, Mona, Borge, Anne Inger Helmen, Bowes, Lucy, Casas, Ferran, Friborg, Oddgeir, Grinde, Bjørn, Headey, Bruce, Jozefiak, Thomas, Lekhal, Rabit, Marks, Nic, Muffels, Ruud, Nes, Ragnhild Bang, Røysamb, Espen, Thimm, Jens, Torgersen, Svenn, Trommsdorff, Gisela, Veenhoven, Ruut, Vittersø, Joar, Waaktaar, Trine, Wagner, Gert G., Wang, Catharina E., Wold, Bente & Zachrisson, Henrik Daae (2014)

Psychology of Child Well-Being

Handbook of child well-being : theories, methods and policies in global perspective, , s. 555-631. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9063-8_13

Wang, Mari Vaage; Lekhal, Ratib, Aarø, Leif Edvard, Holte, Arne & Schjølberg, Synnve (2014)

The developmental relationship between language and motor performance from 3 to 5 years of age: a prospective longitudinal population study

BMC Psychology, 2(Article 34) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-014-0034-3 - Full text in research archive

Background: Previous research has found that language and motor skills are closely interrelated developmental areas. This observation has led to questions about the specificity of these domains, and the nature of the associations. In this study, we investigated the longitudinal relationship between language and gross and fine motor performance from 3 to 5 years of age. Methods: We tested the prediction across and within developmental domains using cross-lagged panel models. In addition, estimates of specificity for each domain were calculated. Analyses were performed using parental reports in a sample of 11 999 children from a prospective population study. Results: Structural equation modelling revealed unique positive predictions from early language performance to later fine and gross motor skills. Neither gross nor fine early motor skills uniquely predicted later language performance. Both language and motor skills were stable from 3 to 5 years of age. Motor skills were more stable in boys than in girls. Boys had lower scores than girls on fine motor performance, but gender differences in cross-lagged associations between language and motor performance were non-significant. The variance specific to language performance decreased from 68% to 46% in relation to fine motor skills and from 61% to 46% in relation to gross motor skills from 3 to 5 years of age. Conclusion: From 3 to 5 years of age the stability within each developmental area is high, and unique prediction from one domain to the other is weak. These results implicate stable and correlated developmental pathways at this age.

Wang, Mari Vaage; Lekhal, Ratib, Aarø, Leif Edvard & Schjølberg, Synnve (2014)

Co-occuring development of early childhood communication and motor skills: results from a population-based longitudinal study

Child: Care, Health and Development, 40(1) , s. 77-84. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12003

Holte, Arne; Barry, Margaret M., Bekkhus, Mona, Borge, Anne Inger Helmen, Bowes, Lucy, Casas, Ferran, Friborg, Oddgeir, Grinde, Bjørn, Headey, Bruce, Jozefiak, Thomas, Lekhal, Rabit, Marks, Nic, Muffels, Ruud, Nes, Ragnhild Bang, Røysamb, Espen, Thimm, Jens, Torgersen, Svenn, Trommsdorff, Gisela, Veenhoven, Ruut, Vittersø, Joar, Waaktaar, Trine, Wagner, Gert G., Wang, Catharina E., Wold, Bente & Zachrisson, Henrik Daae (2014)

Psychology of Child Well-Being

Handbook of child well-being : theories, methods and policies in global perspective, , s. 555-631. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9063-8_13

Wang, Mari Vaage; Lekhal, Ratib, Aarø, Leif Edvard, Holte, Arne & Schjølberg, Synnve (2014)

The developmental relationship between language and motor performance from 3 to 5 years of age: a prospective longitudinal population study

BMC Psychology, 2(Article 34) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-014-0034-3 - Full text in research archive

Background: Previous research has found that language and motor skills are closely interrelated developmental areas. This observation has led to questions about the specificity of these domains, and the nature of the associations. In this study, we investigated the longitudinal relationship between language and gross and fine motor performance from 3 to 5 years of age. Methods: We tested the prediction across and within developmental domains using cross-lagged panel models. In addition, estimates of specificity for each domain were calculated. Analyses were performed using parental reports in a sample of 11 999 children from a prospective population study. Results: Structural equation modelling revealed unique positive predictions from early language performance to later fine and gross motor skills. Neither gross nor fine early motor skills uniquely predicted later language performance. Both language and motor skills were stable from 3 to 5 years of age. Motor skills were more stable in boys than in girls. Boys had lower scores than girls on fine motor performance, but gender differences in cross-lagged associations between language and motor performance were non-significant. The variance specific to language performance decreased from 68% to 46% in relation to fine motor skills and from 61% to 46% in relation to gross motor skills from 3 to 5 years of age. Conclusion: From 3 to 5 years of age the stability within each developmental area is high, and unique prediction from one domain to the other is weak. These results implicate stable and correlated developmental pathways at this age.

Zachrisson, Henrik Daae; Dearing, Eric, Lekhal, Ratib & Toppelberg, Claudio O (2013)

Little Evidence That Time in Child Care Causes Externalizing Problems During Early Childhood in Norway

Child Development, 84(4) , s. 1152-1170. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12040

Lekhal, Ratib; Wang, Mari Vaage & Schjølberg, Synnve (2013)

Sammenhengen mellom barns deltakelse i norske barnehager og utviklingen av språk og atferd i tidlig barndom. Resultater fra Den norske mor- og barn-undersøkelsen

Utdanning 2013 - fra barnehage til doktorgrad, , s. 35-56.

Zachrisson, Henrik Daae; Dearing, Eric, Lekhal, Ratib & Toppelberg, Claudio O (2013)

Little Evidence That Time in Child Care Causes Externalizing Problems During Early Childhood in Norway

Child Development, 84(4) , s. 1152-1170. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12040

Lekhal, Ratib; Wang, Mari Vaage & Schjølberg, Synnve (2013)

Sammenhengen mellom barns deltakelse i norske barnehager og utviklingen av språk og atferd i tidlig barndom. Resultater fra Den norske mor- og barn-undersøkelsen

Utdanning 2013 - fra barnehage til doktorgrad, , s. 35-56.

Lekhal, Ratib (2012)

Do type of childcare and age of entry predict behavior problems during early childhood? Results from a large Norwegian longitudinal study

International Journal of Behavioral Development, 36(3) , s. 197-204. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025411431409

Lekhal, Ratib; Soest, Tilmann M von, Wang, Mari Vaage, Aukrust, Vibeke Grøver & Schjølberg, Synnve (2012)

Norway's High-Quality Center Care Reduces Late Talking in High- and Low-Risk Groups

Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 33(7) , s. 562-569. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e3182648727

Lekhal, Ratib (2012)

Do type of childcare and age of entry predict behavior problems during early childhood? Results from a large Norwegian longitudinal study

International Journal of Behavioral Development, 36(3) , s. 197-204. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025411431409

Lekhal, Ratib; Soest, Tilmann M von, Wang, Mari Vaage, Aukrust, Vibeke Grøver & Schjølberg, Synnve (2012)

Norway's High-Quality Center Care Reduces Late Talking in High- and Low-Risk Groups

Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 33(7) , s. 562-569. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e3182648727

Lekhal, Ratib; Zachrisson, Henrik Daae, Wang, Mari Vaage, Schjølberg, Synnve & Soest, Tilmann Von (2011)

Does universally accessible child care protect children from late talking? Results from a Norwegian population-based prospective study

Early Child Development and Care, 181(8) , s. 1007-1019. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2010.508558

Zachrisson, Henrik Daae; Lekhal, Ratib & Mykletun, Arnstein (2011)

Hva gjør barnehagene med barna?

Tidsskrift for Norsk psykologforening (Psykologtidsskriftet), 48, s. 578-581.

Lekhal, Ratib; Zachrisson, Henrik Daae, Wang, Mari Vaage, Schjølberg, Synnve & Soest, Tilmann Von (2011)

Does universally accessible child care protect children from late talking? Results from a Norwegian population-based prospective study

Early Child Development and Care, 181(8) , s. 1007-1019. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2010.508558

Zachrisson, Henrik Daae; Lekhal, Ratib & Mykletun, Arnstein (2011)

Hva gjør barnehagene med barna?

Tidsskrift for Norsk psykologforening (Psykologtidsskriftet), 48, s. 578-581.

Zachrisson, Henrik Daae; Lekhal, Ratib & Schjølberg, Synnve (2010)

Barnehage og psykisk helse hos sped- og småbarn

Håndbok i sped- og småbarns psykiske helse, , s. 770-783.

Zachrisson, Henrik Daae; Lekhal, Ratib & Schjølberg, Synnve (2010)

Barnehage og psykisk helse hos sped- og småbarn

Håndbok i sped- og småbarns psykiske helse, , s. 770-783.

Lekhal, Ratib (2008)

Atferdsprogrammet PALS i skolen

Skolen i aftenlandet? Artikkelsamling med ukorrekte innfallsvinkler, , s. 173-193.

Lekhal, Ratib (2008)

Atferdsprogrammet PALS i skolen

Skolen i aftenlandet? Artikkelsamling med ukorrekte innfallsvinkler, , s. 173-193.

Hansen, Ole; Lekhal, Ratib, Nordahl, Thomas, Norlund, Anita, Persson, Bengt & Qvortrup, Lars (2015)

Temanummer om synlig læring

Paideia - Tidsskrift for professionel pædagogisk praksis [Kronikk]

Lekhal, Ratib (2014)

Leker for livet

[Journal]

Lekhal, Ratib (2014)

Leker for livet

[Journal]

Ovati, Tone Sofie Røsholt; Lekhal, Ratib, Rydland, Veslemøy, Øksendal, Elise & Grøver, Vibeke (2025)

Teacher Talk during Shared Reading Predicts Child Oral Language Development in Multi-Ethnic ECEC Settings

[Conference Poster]. Event

Øksendal, Elise; Lekhal, Ratib, Grøver, Vibeke, Ovati, Tone Sofie Røsholt & Rydland, Veslemøy (2025)

Did a language-focused professional development intervention impact teacher talk in group play?

[Conference Poster]. Event

Øksendal, Elise; Rydland, Veslemøy, Bratlie, Siri Steffensen & Lekhal, Ratib (2025)

Hvem er frilekens vinnere og tapere? Hvordan ser dette ut i Språksterk-barnehager?

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Rydland, Veslemøy & Lekhal, Ratib (2025)

Språksterk 1-6: bakgrunn, kompetanseutvikling og resultater

[Lecture]. Event

Øksendal, Elise; Lekhal, Ratib, Grøver, Vibeke, Ovati, Tone Sofie Røsholt & Rydland, Veslemøy (2025)

Do teacher talk features in small group play change after receiving a professional development intervention?

[Conference Poster]. Event

Lekhal, Ratib (2025)

Presentasjon av resultater fra Språksterk - et prosjekt i fem bydeler i Oslo

[Lecture]. Event

Presentasjon av resultater fra Språksterk - et prosjekt i fem bydeler i Oslo

Wilhelmsen, Tiril; Lekhal, Ratib, Rydland, Veslemøy, Ovati, Tone Sofie Røsholt, Øksendal, Elise & Coplan, Robert J. (2025)

Supporting children's peer-play development in ECEC through emotion socialisation

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Ovati, Tone Sofie Røsholt; Lekhal, Ratib, Rydland, Veslemøy, Øksendal, Elise & Grøver, Vibeke (2025)

Teacher Talk during Shared Reading Predicts Child Oral Language Development in Multi-Ethnic ECEC Settings

[Conference Poster]. Event

Rydland, Veslemøy; Bratlie, Siri Steffensen, Lekhal, Ratib, Wilhelmsen, Tiril & Grøver, Vibeke (2025)

The Effectiveness of a Professional Development Intervention in Diverse Norwegian ECEC Settings

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Rydland, Veslemøy & Lekhal, Ratib (2025)

Partnerskap mellom barnehage, pedagogisk-psykologisk tjeneste og universitetet i utviklingen av og forskningen på et omfattende språkprosjekt i Oslo-barnehager

[Lecture]. Event

Øksendal, Elise; Lekhal, Ratib, Grøver, Vibeke, Ovati, Tone Sofie Røsholt & Rydland, Veslemøy (2025)

Did a language-focused professional development intervention impact teacher talk in group play?

[Conference Poster]. Event

Øksendal, Elise; Rydland, Veslemøy, Bratlie, Siri Steffensen & Lekhal, Ratib (2025)

Hvem er frilekens vinnere og tapere? Hvordan ser dette ut i Språksterk-barnehager?

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Rydland, Veslemøy & Lekhal, Ratib (2025)

Språksterk 1-6: bakgrunn, kompetanseutvikling og resultater

[Lecture]. Event

Øksendal, Elise; Lekhal, Ratib, Grøver, Vibeke & Rydland, Veslemøy (2024)

Vannlek i Språksterk-barnehager?

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Øksendal, Elise; Rydland, Veslemøy, Bratlie, Siri Steffensen & Lekhal, Ratib (2024)

Hvilke barn deltar mest i sosial lek i flerspråklige barnehager?

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Lekhal, Ratib & Wilhelmsen, Tiril (2024)

Har Språksterk hatt betydning for prosesskvaliteten i barnehagene?

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Wilhelmsen, Tiril; Røysamb, Espen, Lekhal, Ratib, Brandlistuen, Ragnhild Eek, Alexandersen, Nina & Wang, Mari Vaage (2024)

Betydningen av tidlig multippel risiko og barnehagekvalitet for barns psykiske helse

[Conference Poster]. Event

Øksendal, Elise; Rydland, Veslemøy, Bratlie, Siri Steffensen & Lekhal, Ratib (2024)

Hvem er frilekens vinnere og tapere? Hvordan ser dette ut i Språksterk-barnehager?

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Ovati, Tone Sofie Røsholt; Grøver, Vibeke, Lekhal, Ratib & Rydland, Veslemøy (2024)

Impact of an Early Childhood Education and Care Professional Development Intervention on Teacher Talk during Shared Reading

[Conference Poster]. Event

Øksendal, Elise; Lekhal, Ratib, Grøver, Vibeke & Rydland, Veslemøy (2024)

Vannlek i Språksterk-barnehager?

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Øksendal, Elise; Rydland, Veslemøy, Bratlie, Siri Steffensen & Lekhal, Ratib (2024)

Hvilke barn deltar mest i sosial lek i flerspråklige barnehager?

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Lekhal, Ratib & Wilhelmsen, Tiril (2024)

Har Språksterk hatt betydning for prosesskvaliteten i barnehagene?

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Wilhelmsen, Tiril; Røysamb, Espen, Lekhal, Ratib, Brandlistuen, Ragnhild Eek, Alexandersen, Nina & Wang, Mari Vaage (2024)

Betydningen av tidlig multippel risiko og barnehagekvalitet for barns psykiske helse

[Conference Poster]. Event

Øksendal, Elise; Rydland, Veslemøy, Bratlie, Siri Steffensen & Lekhal, Ratib (2024)

Hvem er frilekens vinnere og tapere? Hvordan ser dette ut i Språksterk-barnehager?

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Ovati, Tone Sofie Røsholt; Grøver, Vibeke, Lekhal, Ratib & Rydland, Veslemøy (2024)

Impact of an Early Childhood Education and Care Professional Development Intervention on Teacher Talk during Shared Reading

[Conference Poster]. Event

Bratlie, Siri Steffensen; Rydland, Veslemøy, Lekhal, Ratib & Grøver, Vibeke (2023)

Profiles of home language use and demographic factors among diverse young Norwegian dual language learners: A latent profile approach

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Buøen, Elisabet Solheim; Lekhal, Ratib & Drugli, May Britt (2023)

Effects of the Thrive by Three: a Professional Development Model to Enhance ECEC Quality

[Conference Poster]. Event

Øksendal, Elise; Rydland, Veslemøy, Grøver, Vibeke, Lekhal, Ratib & Bratlie, Siri Steffensen (2023)

Latent profiles of language, communication, attention and play behavior

[Conference Poster]. Event

Øksendal, Elise; Rydland, Veslemøy, Bratlie, Siri Steffensen, Lekhal, Ratib & Grøver, Vibeke (2023)

Latente profiler av språk, kommunikasjon, oppmerksomhet og lek blant barnehagebarn

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Rydland, Veslemøy; Grøver, Vibeke & Lekhal, Ratib (2023)

Teacher Perceptions of Parent Collaboration in Multi-Ethnic ECEC Settings

[Conference Poster]. Event

Rydland, Veslemøy; Grøver, Vibeke & Lekhal, Ratib (2023)

Teacher Perceptions of Parent Collaboration in Multi-Ethnic ECEC Settings

[Conference Poster]. Event

Stensen, Kenneth; Lydersen, Stian, Ranøyen, Ingunn, Klöckner, Christian Andreas Nikolaus, Buøen, Elisabet Solheim, Lekhal, Ratib & Drugli, May Britt (2023)

Poster: Psychometric Properties of the Student-Teacher Relationship Scale-Short Form in a Norwegian Early Childhood Education and Care Context

[Conference Poster]. Event

Rydland, Veslemøy & Lekhal, Ratib (2023)

Språksterk - implementering og videreføring

[Lecture]. Event

Wilhelmsen, Tiril; Rydland, Veslemøy & Lekhal, Ratib (2023)

Associations between teachers' emotion socialisation behaviour and children's social competence and play in Norwegian childcare, and moderations by children's temperament.

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Wilhelmsen, Tiril; Rydland, Veslemøy, Buøen, Elisabet Solheim, Drugli, May Britt & Lekhal, Ratib (2023)

Measuring preschool teachers’ emotion socialisation with young children

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Reiersen, Camilla; Ovati, Tone Sofie Røsholt, Lekhal, Ratib & Rydland, Veslemøy (2023)

Preschool practitioners’ experiences with the implementation of the Oslo Early Education Study intervention

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Ovati, Tone Sofie Røsholt; Rydland, Veslemøy, Grøver, Vibeke & Lekhal, Ratib (2023)

Teacher Perceptions of Parent Collaboration in Multi-Ethnic ECEC Settings

[Conference Poster]. Event

Rydland, Veslemøy & Lekhal, Ratib (2023)

Presentasjon av Språksterk 1-6

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Rydland, Veslemøy & Lekhal, Ratib (2023)

Språksterk 1-6 og overgangen til skole

[Lecture]. Event

Bratlie, Siri Steffensen; Rydland, Veslemøy, Lekhal, Ratib & Grøver, Vibeke (2023)

Profiles of home language use and demographic factors among diverse young Norwegian dual language learners: A latent profile approach

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Buøen, Elisabet Solheim; Lekhal, Ratib & Drugli, May Britt (2023)

Effects of the Thrive by Three: a Professional Development Model to Enhance ECEC Quality

[Conference Poster]. Event

Øksendal, Elise; Rydland, Veslemøy, Grøver, Vibeke, Lekhal, Ratib & Bratlie, Siri Steffensen (2023)

Latent profiles of language, communication, attention and play behavior

[Conference Poster]. Event

Øksendal, Elise; Rydland, Veslemøy, Bratlie, Siri Steffensen, Lekhal, Ratib & Grøver, Vibeke (2023)

Latente profiler av språk, kommunikasjon, oppmerksomhet og lek blant barnehagebarn

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Rydland, Veslemøy; Grøver, Vibeke & Lekhal, Ratib (2023)

Teacher Perceptions of Parent Collaboration in Multi-Ethnic ECEC Settings

[Conference Poster]. Event

Ovati, Tone Sofie Røsholt; Rydland, Veslemøy, Grøver, Vibeke & Lekhal, Ratib (2023)

Teacher Perceptions of Parent Collaboration in Multi-Ethnic ECEC Settings

[Conference Poster]. Event

Rydland, Veslemøy & Lekhal, Ratib (2023)

Presentasjon av Språksterk 1-6

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Rydland, Veslemøy; Grøver, Vibeke & Lekhal, Ratib (2023)

Teacher Perceptions of Parent Collaboration in Multi-Ethnic ECEC Settings

[Conference Poster]. Event

Stensen, Kenneth; Lydersen, Stian, Ranøyen, Ingunn, Klöckner, Christian Andreas Nikolaus, Buøen, Elisabet Solheim, Lekhal, Ratib & Drugli, May Britt (2023)

Poster: Psychometric Properties of the Student-Teacher Relationship Scale-Short Form in a Norwegian Early Childhood Education and Care Context

[Conference Poster]. Event

Rydland, Veslemøy & Lekhal, Ratib (2023)

Språksterk - implementering og videreføring

[Lecture]. Event

Wilhelmsen, Tiril; Rydland, Veslemøy & Lekhal, Ratib (2023)

Associations between teachers' emotion socialisation behaviour and children's social competence and play in Norwegian childcare, and moderations by children's temperament.

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Wilhelmsen, Tiril; Rydland, Veslemøy, Buøen, Elisabet Solheim, Drugli, May Britt & Lekhal, Ratib (2023)

Measuring preschool teachers’ emotion socialisation with young children

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Reiersen, Camilla; Ovati, Tone Sofie Røsholt, Lekhal, Ratib & Rydland, Veslemøy (2023)

Preschool practitioners’ experiences with the implementation of the Oslo Early Education Study intervention

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Rydland, Veslemøy & Lekhal, Ratib (2023)

Språksterk 1-6 og overgangen til skole

[Lecture]. Event

Røsholt, Tone Sofie; Rydland, Veslemøy, Grøver, Vibeke & Lekhal, Ratib (2022)

ECEC Teachers’ Perceptions of Parent Collaboration to Support Children’s Dual Language Development in Multilingual Areas of Oslo.

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Røsholt, Tone Sofie; Rydland, Veslemøy, Grøver, Vibeke & Lekhal, Ratib (2022)

ECEC Teachers' Perceptions of Parent Collaboration to Support Children's Language Development in Multilingual Areas of Oslo.

[Conference Poster]. Event

Karlsen, Lisa-Marie; Lekhal, Ratib, Rydland, Veslemøy & Buøen, Elisabet Solheim (2022)

Play practices and the applicability of a new play assessment tool in Norwegian preschools

[Conference Poster]. Event

Karlsen, Lisa-Marie; Lekhal, Ratib, Rydland, Veslemøy & Buøen, Elisabet Solheim (2022)

Play practices and the applicability of a new play assessment tool in Norwegian preschools

[Conference Poster]. Event

Røsholt, Tone Sofie; Rydland, Veslemøy, Grøver, Vibeke & Lekhal, Ratib (2022)

ECEC Teachers’ Perceptions of Parent Collaboration to Support Children’s Dual Language Development in Multilingual Areas of Oslo.

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Karlsen, Lisa-Marie; Lekhal, Ratib, Rydland, Veslemøy & Buøen, Elisabet Solheim (2022)

Play practices and the applicability of a new play assessment tool in Norwegian preschools

[Conference Poster]. Event

Røsholt, Tone Sofie; Rydland, Veslemøy, Grøver, Vibeke & Lekhal, Ratib (2022)

ECEC Teachers' Perceptions of Parent Collaboration to Support Children's Language Development in Multilingual Areas of Oslo.

[Conference Poster]. Event

Karlsen, Lisa-Marie; Lekhal, Ratib, Rydland, Veslemøy & Buøen, Elisabet Solheim (2022)

Play practices and the applicability of a new play assessment tool in Norwegian preschools

[Conference Poster]. Event

Rydland, Veslemøy & Lekhal, Ratib (2021)

Språksterk 1-6

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Lekhal, Ratib (2021)

Kvalitet i barnehagen- betydningen av gode relasjoner

[Lecture]. Event

Lekhal, Ratib (2021)

Samtale over temaet; Kvalitet i barnehagen

[Lecture]. Event

Lekhal, Ratib (2021)

Kvalitet i barnehagen

[Lecture]. Event

Lekhal, Ratib (2021)

Ny i barnehagen - Tilvenning og foreldresamarbeid

[Lecture]. Event

Rydland, Veslemøy & Lekhal, Ratib (2021)

Språksterk. Et utviklings og forskningsprosjekt i flerspråklige barnehager i Oslo

[Lecture]. Event

Rydland, Veslemøy & Lekhal, Ratib (2021)

Språksterk 1-6

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Lekhal, Ratib (2021)

Kvalitet i barnehagen- betydningen av gode relasjoner

[Lecture]. Event

Lekhal, Ratib (2021)

Samtale over temaet; Kvalitet i barnehagen

[Lecture]. Event

Lekhal, Ratib (2021)

Kvalitet i barnehagen

[Lecture]. Event

Lekhal, Ratib (2021)

Ny i barnehagen - Tilvenning og foreldresamarbeid

[Lecture]. Event

Rydland, Veslemøy & Lekhal, Ratib (2021)

Språksterk. Et utviklings og forskningsprosjekt i flerspråklige barnehager i Oslo

[Lecture]. Event

Trijp, Catharina Petronella Johanna Van & Lekhal, Ratib (2019)

The influence of ECEC quality on toddlers’ development and well-being in Norwegian ECEC. How to measure these concepts with instruments from the Thrive by 3 intervention?

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Drugli, May Britt & Lekhal, Ratib (2019)

4 faktorer som fremmer barns livsmestring

[Professional Article]. Første steg, (1) , s. 50-53.

Drugli, May Britt & Lekhal, Ratib (2019)

4 faktorer som fremmer barns livsmestring

[Professional Article]. Utdanningsnytt.no,

Trijp, Catharina Petronella Johanna Van & Lekhal, Ratib (2019)

The influence of ECEC quality on toddlers’ development and well-being in Norwegian ECEC. How to measure these concepts with instruments from the Thrive by 3 intervention?

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Drugli, May Britt & Lekhal, Ratib (2019)

4 faktorer som fremmer barns livsmestring

[Professional Article]. Første steg, (1) , s. 50-53.

Drugli, May Britt & Lekhal, Ratib (2019)

4 faktorer som fremmer barns livsmestring

[Professional Article]. Utdanningsnytt.no,

Lekhal, Ratib (2015)

Mental health problems and grades among minority children: Does high-quality school environment buffers the relationship?

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Lekhal, Ratib (2015)

Evaluering av LP-modellen med hensyn til barns utvikling og læring i daginstitusjonene

[Professional Article]. LP-modellen.dk,

Lekhal, Ratib (2015)

Mental health problems and grades among minority children: Does high-quality school environment buffers the relationship?

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Lekhal, Ratib (2015)

Evaluering av LP-modellen med hensyn til barns utvikling og læring i daginstitusjonene

[Professional Article]. LP-modellen.dk,

Lekhal, Ratib & Vigmostad, Inger (2014)

Trivsel og kvalitet i barnehagen

[Report Research]. Høgskolen i Hedmark

Norsk: Hensikten med denne rapporten er å gjengi resultater fra deskriptive analyser av variasjon i barnehagekvalitet for fire og femåringer i et utvalg av norske barnehager. Mer spesifikt ønsket vi å beskrive; «variasjonen i en rekke sentrale områder tilknyttet barnas opplevelse av barnehagehverdagen, deres sosiale og språklige utvikling», «variasjonen i pedagogisk praksis og indikatorer for prosessuelle kvalitet i barnehagen» og «foreldres opplevelse og tilfredshet med tilbudet, og samarbeid med de ansatte». Her følger tre hovedfunn: • Variasjonen i indikatorer for prosessuell kvalitet i barnehagen: De pedagogiske lederne i barnehagene i utvalget viser en variasjonsbredde når det gjelder hva de svarer på en rekke områder. Dette gjelder blant annet hvordan de opplever deres relasjon til foreldre og barn og deres eget jobbmiljø. • Ulikheter og fellestrekk blant 4 og 5-åringer i barnehagen: Det er store variasjoner i utviklingsmessige forhold blant de barna som er representert i utvalget. Mer spesifikt var det store forskjeller mellom barna når det gjaldt språk, atferd og sosiale ferdigheter. • Forskjeller mellom de ulike barnehagene: Framstillingen viser at det er relativt stor variasjon mellom barnehager i hvordan barns språklige og sosiale ferdigheter blir rapportert. Samme trenden finner man også når det gjelder foreldrenes opplevelse av samarbeid og tilfredshet med barnehagetilbudet. Det er med andre ord barnehager der barn viser svært godt språk eller sosiale ferdigheter, og der foreldrene er tilfredse med barnehagetilbudet. Samtidig finnes det også barnehager der barn generelt viser lite hensiktsmessig utvikling eller at foreldrene er mindre fornøyde med tilbudet. Det er vanskelig å forklare hva som er årsaken til de relativt store forskjellene mellom barnehagene. For eksempel er det vanskelig å vite om disse forskjellene skyldes de ulike forutsetningene barna har når de begynner i barnehagen eller om det kan ses som en indikator hvordan den enkelte barnehage arbeider med de ulike fokusområdene.

Engvik, Maria; Evensen, Laura Aniko, Gustavson, Kristin, Jin, Fufen, Johansen, Rune, Lekhal, Ratib, Schjølberg, Synnve, Wang, Mari Vaage & Aase, Heidi (2014)

Sammenhenger mellom barnehagekvalitet og barns fungering ved 5 år

[Report Research]. Folkehelseinstituttet

Main findings Children with good relationships to the adult caregivers in their centre-based childcare also have better language and psychological development than those children with poor caregiver relationships. Other measures of Norwegian centre-based childcare quality, such as pedagogic practices, access to material resources, staff size and group size, seem to have little impact on children's linguistic and psychological functioning at five years.

Lekhal, Ratib; Løken, Gro & Knudsmoen, Hege (2014)

Students with behaviour problems in school. Preliminary results from our SPEED study

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Lekhal, Ratib (2014)

Relasjon mellom voksen og barn i barnehagen - hva kjennetegner barnehager med gode relasjoner?

[Professional Article]. LP-modellen.dk,

Lekhal, Ratib; Kostøl, Anne Kristoffersen, Nordahl, Thomas, Sunnevåg, Anne-Karin, Løken, Gro, Vigmostad, Inger & Myhr, Lars Arild (2014)

Klasseledelse, lærerautoritet og læringsutbytte. En kvantitativ og kvalitativ evaluering av prosjektet: «Klasseledelse, lærerautoritet og læringsutbytte» i videregående opplæring, 2010–2013

[Report Research]. Høgskolen i Hedmark

Hensikten med denne rapporten er å presentere den kvantitative og kvalitative kartleggingsundersøkelsen som er gjennomført i de sju skolene som har deltatt i utviklings- og forskningsprosjektet «Klasseledelse, lærerautoritet og læringsutbytte» (KLL). Formålet er å undersøke om endringsarbeidet som har blitt gjennomført i KLL-skolene har ført til positive endringer. Problemstillingene som ble undersøkt var følgende: • Hvilken endring og utvikling viser resultatene fra første til andre kartlegging på de ulike fokusområdene (Skolekultur, Undervisning, Elevenes motivasjon og arbeidsinnsats og Opplevelse atferdsproblematikk)? • Skiller KLL – skolene seg fra resten av skolene i fylkeskommunen når det gjelder elevenes gjennomstrømning og læringsutbytte? • Hvilke erfaringer er gjort av de ansatte på skolene i forhold til implementering og gjennomføring i prosjektet? Resultatene fra KLL viser en positiv utvikling for lærerne på samtlige fokus/temaområder med unntak av arbeid med faktoren fagsentrert undervisning (hverken positiv eller negativ). Også når det gjelder resultater på elevnivå viser KLLskolene positiv fremgang. Skolene viser en positiv utvikling på antall fraværsdager (nedgang) og andel elever som har fullført- og bestått videregående opplæring. Videre ser det ut som om det er store variasjoner i hvilke erfaringer de ansatte på skolene har gjort seg gjennom prosjektet, både når det gjelder positive og negative erfaringer. Vi vil understreke at denne studien ikke gir mulighet til å trekke kausale slutninger (det vil si årsakssammenhenger). Vi kan ikke se bort fra at endringen som har skjedd fra T1 til T2 (første og andre måling) kan skyldes andre årsaker vi ikke har kontroll over eller har målt i denne studien.

Lekhal, Ratib & Vigmostad, Inger (2014)

Trivsel og kvalitet i barnehagen

[Report Research]. Høgskolen i Hedmark

Norsk: Hensikten med denne rapporten er å gjengi resultater fra deskriptive analyser av variasjon i barnehagekvalitet for fire og femåringer i et utvalg av norske barnehager. Mer spesifikt ønsket vi å beskrive; «variasjonen i en rekke sentrale områder tilknyttet barnas opplevelse av barnehagehverdagen, deres sosiale og språklige utvikling», «variasjonen i pedagogisk praksis og indikatorer for prosessuelle kvalitet i barnehagen» og «foreldres opplevelse og tilfredshet med tilbudet, og samarbeid med de ansatte». Her følger tre hovedfunn: • Variasjonen i indikatorer for prosessuell kvalitet i barnehagen: De pedagogiske lederne i barnehagene i utvalget viser en variasjonsbredde når det gjelder hva de svarer på en rekke områder. Dette gjelder blant annet hvordan de opplever deres relasjon til foreldre og barn og deres eget jobbmiljø. • Ulikheter og fellestrekk blant 4 og 5-åringer i barnehagen: Det er store variasjoner i utviklingsmessige forhold blant de barna som er representert i utvalget. Mer spesifikt var det store forskjeller mellom barna når det gjaldt språk, atferd og sosiale ferdigheter. • Forskjeller mellom de ulike barnehagene: Framstillingen viser at det er relativt stor variasjon mellom barnehager i hvordan barns språklige og sosiale ferdigheter blir rapportert. Samme trenden finner man også når det gjelder foreldrenes opplevelse av samarbeid og tilfredshet med barnehagetilbudet. Det er med andre ord barnehager der barn viser svært godt språk eller sosiale ferdigheter, og der foreldrene er tilfredse med barnehagetilbudet. Samtidig finnes det også barnehager der barn generelt viser lite hensiktsmessig utvikling eller at foreldrene er mindre fornøyde med tilbudet. Det er vanskelig å forklare hva som er årsaken til de relativt store forskjellene mellom barnehagene. For eksempel er det vanskelig å vite om disse forskjellene skyldes de ulike forutsetningene barna har når de begynner i barnehagen eller om det kan ses som en indikator hvordan den enkelte barnehage arbeider med de ulike fokusområdene.

Engvik, Maria; Evensen, Laura Aniko, Gustavson, Kristin, Jin, Fufen, Johansen, Rune, Lekhal, Ratib, Schjølberg, Synnve, Wang, Mari Vaage & Aase, Heidi (2014)

Sammenhenger mellom barnehagekvalitet og barns fungering ved 5 år

[Report Research]. Folkehelseinstituttet

Main findings Children with good relationships to the adult caregivers in their centre-based childcare also have better language and psychological development than those children with poor caregiver relationships. Other measures of Norwegian centre-based childcare quality, such as pedagogic practices, access to material resources, staff size and group size, seem to have little impact on children's linguistic and psychological functioning at five years.

Lekhal, Ratib; Løken, Gro & Knudsmoen, Hege (2014)

Students with behaviour problems in school. Preliminary results from our SPEED study

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Lekhal, Ratib (2014)

Relasjon mellom voksen og barn i barnehagen - hva kjennetegner barnehager med gode relasjoner?

[Professional Article]. LP-modellen.dk,

Lekhal, Ratib; Kostøl, Anne Kristoffersen, Nordahl, Thomas, Sunnevåg, Anne-Karin, Løken, Gro, Vigmostad, Inger & Myhr, Lars Arild (2014)

Klasseledelse, lærerautoritet og læringsutbytte. En kvantitativ og kvalitativ evaluering av prosjektet: «Klasseledelse, lærerautoritet og læringsutbytte» i videregående opplæring, 2010–2013

[Report Research]. Høgskolen i Hedmark

Hensikten med denne rapporten er å presentere den kvantitative og kvalitative kartleggingsundersøkelsen som er gjennomført i de sju skolene som har deltatt i utviklings- og forskningsprosjektet «Klasseledelse, lærerautoritet og læringsutbytte» (KLL). Formålet er å undersøke om endringsarbeidet som har blitt gjennomført i KLL-skolene har ført til positive endringer. Problemstillingene som ble undersøkt var følgende: • Hvilken endring og utvikling viser resultatene fra første til andre kartlegging på de ulike fokusområdene (Skolekultur, Undervisning, Elevenes motivasjon og arbeidsinnsats og Opplevelse atferdsproblematikk)? • Skiller KLL – skolene seg fra resten av skolene i fylkeskommunen når det gjelder elevenes gjennomstrømning og læringsutbytte? • Hvilke erfaringer er gjort av de ansatte på skolene i forhold til implementering og gjennomføring i prosjektet? Resultatene fra KLL viser en positiv utvikling for lærerne på samtlige fokus/temaområder med unntak av arbeid med faktoren fagsentrert undervisning (hverken positiv eller negativ). Også når det gjelder resultater på elevnivå viser KLLskolene positiv fremgang. Skolene viser en positiv utvikling på antall fraværsdager (nedgang) og andel elever som har fullført- og bestått videregående opplæring. Videre ser det ut som om det er store variasjoner i hvilke erfaringer de ansatte på skolene har gjort seg gjennom prosjektet, både når det gjelder positive og negative erfaringer. Vi vil understreke at denne studien ikke gir mulighet til å trekke kausale slutninger (det vil si årsakssammenhenger). Vi kan ikke se bort fra at endringen som har skjedd fra T1 til T2 (første og andre måling) kan skyldes andre årsaker vi ikke har kontroll over eller har målt i denne studien.

Ratib, Lekhal; Vartun, Marika, Gustavson, Kristin Brun, Helland, Siri Saugestad, Wang, Mari Vaage & Schjølberg, Synnve (2013)

Den norske mor og barn-undersøkelsen. Variasjon i barnehagekvalitet : beskrivelser fra første datainnsamling fra barnehagene

[Report Research]. Nasjonalt folkehelseinstitutt, Divisjon for psykisk helse

Hovedbudskap Rapporten «Den norske mor og barn-undersøkelsen. Variasjon i barnehagekvalitet. Beskrivelser fra første datainnsamling fra barnehagene» er den første i en serie knyttet til barnehageforskning i Den norske mor og barn-undersøkelsen (MoBa). Den bygger på opplysninger fra de første 1 681 spørreskjemaene om strukturelle forhold, pedagogisk praksis og kvalitetsstatus i barnehagene til 5-åringer som deltar i MoBa. Den beskriver også ulikheter og fellestrekk blant barna i barnehagene, som for eksempel barns særskilte behov, vennskap og generell tilpasning i barnehagen. De viktigste funnene viser at det er: • Variasjon i enkelte strukturelle forhold i barnehagene: De aller fleste pedagogiske ledere, 90,5 %, er utdannet førskolelærer. 9,5 % har en annen type utdannelse, men har stilling som pedagogisk leder. Av disse 9,5 % har 4,8 % annen pedagogisk utdanning, mens de resterende har lavere utdanning (ikke høyskole- eller universitetsutdanning). • Variasjon i pedagogisk praksis og indikatorer for prosessuell kvalitet i barnehagen: De pedagogiske lederne i barnehagene i utvalget viser en variasjonsbredde når det gjelder hva barnehagene legger vekt på, og hvordan de strukturerer arbeidet på avdelingene. Mer spesifikt finner de blant annet variasjon i barnehagers pedagogiske praksis, det pedagogiske innholdet i barnas hverdag og mellom barnehagers rutiner for regelmessig observasjon og kartlegging av barnas ferdigheter. • Ulikheter og fellestrekk blant 5-åringer i barnehagen: Det er store variasjoner i utviklingsmessige forhold blant de 5-åringene som er representert i utvalget. Ifølge de rapporterte opplysningene har om lag 15 % av utvalget spesielle vansker. De vanligste vanskene rapporteres å være uro og konsentrasjonsvansker (4,5 %) og språkforsinkelse (4,3 %). Deretter følger emosjonelle vansker (3,0 %) og atferdsvansker (2,8 %). Dette er i relativt godt samsvar med prevalenstall fra tidligere diagnosespesifikke epidemiologiske studier. • Representativitet av datamaterialet: Mødrene til 5-åringene i utvalget er ikke et helt tilfeldig utvalg av småbarnsmødre. De skiller seg noe fra andre mødre ved at de hadde høyere utdannelse, var noe eldre og sjeldnere bodde alene på tidspunktet for fødselen enn mødre i populasjonen. Selv om studien har identifisert enkelte skjevheter i utvalget, ser det ikke ut til at disse skjevhetene påvirker fremtidige sammenhenger forskerne ønsker å studere. Trenger flere norske studier av kvalitet i barnehagen – At vi finner en relativt stor variasjon mellom barnehagene, kan virke innlysende, men det er allikevel kun få norske studier som har studert kvalitetsvariasjonen mellom barnehager, sier Lekhal fra Divisjon for psykisk helse, som er førsteforfatteren av rapporten. I Norge er mange av de strukturelle forholdene i barnehagen statlig regulert (for eksempel bruk av samme rammeplan). Samtidig er rammeplanen lite metodisk foreskrivende og legger til rette for at hver enkelt førskolelærer eller avdeling står fritt til selv å velge ulike metodiske fremgangsmåter og prioriteringer. – At hver enkelt førskolelærer eller avdeling selv står fritt til å velge ulike metodiske fremgangsmåter og prioriteringer, kan være positivt – personalet føler de har tillit og påvirkningskraft på sin egen avdeling. Men samtidig kan det også være en faktor som truer kvaliteten ved at man har mindre overordnet kontroll på innholdet i barnehagene. Veien videre Viktige spørsmål for videre forskning og utnyttelse av datamaterialet fra barnehagestudien omhandler hvorvidt det er spesifikke kvalitetsindikatorer i barnehagen (strukturelle eller prosessuelle) som spiller en rolle – isolert eller sammen – for barnets utvikling, og om disse sammenhengene er sterkere for enkelte barn enn for andre. Et overordnet mål for barnehagestudien er å identifisere gode kvalitetsindikatorer for norske barnehager.

Ratib, Lekhal; Vartun, Marika, Gustavson, Kristin Brun, Helland, Siri Saugestad, Wang, Mari Vaage & Schjølberg, Synnve (2013)

Den norske mor og barn-undersøkelsen. Variasjon i barnehagekvalitet : beskrivelser fra første datainnsamling fra barnehagene

[Report Research]. Nasjonalt folkehelseinstitutt, Divisjon for psykisk helse

Hovedbudskap Rapporten «Den norske mor og barn-undersøkelsen. Variasjon i barnehagekvalitet. Beskrivelser fra første datainnsamling fra barnehagene» er den første i en serie knyttet til barnehageforskning i Den norske mor og barn-undersøkelsen (MoBa). Den bygger på opplysninger fra de første 1 681 spørreskjemaene om strukturelle forhold, pedagogisk praksis og kvalitetsstatus i barnehagene til 5-åringer som deltar i MoBa. Den beskriver også ulikheter og fellestrekk blant barna i barnehagene, som for eksempel barns særskilte behov, vennskap og generell tilpasning i barnehagen. De viktigste funnene viser at det er: • Variasjon i enkelte strukturelle forhold i barnehagene: De aller fleste pedagogiske ledere, 90,5 %, er utdannet førskolelærer. 9,5 % har en annen type utdannelse, men har stilling som pedagogisk leder. Av disse 9,5 % har 4,8 % annen pedagogisk utdanning, mens de resterende har lavere utdanning (ikke høyskole- eller universitetsutdanning). • Variasjon i pedagogisk praksis og indikatorer for prosessuell kvalitet i barnehagen: De pedagogiske lederne i barnehagene i utvalget viser en variasjonsbredde når det gjelder hva barnehagene legger vekt på, og hvordan de strukturerer arbeidet på avdelingene. Mer spesifikt finner de blant annet variasjon i barnehagers pedagogiske praksis, det pedagogiske innholdet i barnas hverdag og mellom barnehagers rutiner for regelmessig observasjon og kartlegging av barnas ferdigheter. • Ulikheter og fellestrekk blant 5-åringer i barnehagen: Det er store variasjoner i utviklingsmessige forhold blant de 5-åringene som er representert i utvalget. Ifølge de rapporterte opplysningene har om lag 15 % av utvalget spesielle vansker. De vanligste vanskene rapporteres å være uro og konsentrasjonsvansker (4,5 %) og språkforsinkelse (4,3 %). Deretter følger emosjonelle vansker (3,0 %) og atferdsvansker (2,8 %). Dette er i relativt godt samsvar med prevalenstall fra tidligere diagnosespesifikke epidemiologiske studier. • Representativitet av datamaterialet: Mødrene til 5-åringene i utvalget er ikke et helt tilfeldig utvalg av småbarnsmødre. De skiller seg noe fra andre mødre ved at de hadde høyere utdannelse, var noe eldre og sjeldnere bodde alene på tidspunktet for fødselen enn mødre i populasjonen. Selv om studien har identifisert enkelte skjevheter i utvalget, ser det ikke ut til at disse skjevhetene påvirker fremtidige sammenhenger forskerne ønsker å studere. Trenger flere norske studier av kvalitet i barnehagen – At vi finner en relativt stor variasjon mellom barnehagene, kan virke innlysende, men det er allikevel kun få norske studier som har studert kvalitetsvariasjonen mellom barnehager, sier Lekhal fra Divisjon for psykisk helse, som er førsteforfatteren av rapporten. I Norge er mange av de strukturelle forholdene i barnehagen statlig regulert (for eksempel bruk av samme rammeplan). Samtidig er rammeplanen lite metodisk foreskrivende og legger til rette for at hver enkelt førskolelærer eller avdeling står fritt til selv å velge ulike metodiske fremgangsmåter og prioriteringer. – At hver enkelt førskolelærer eller avdeling selv står fritt til å velge ulike metodiske fremgangsmåter og prioriteringer, kan være positivt – personalet føler de har tillit og påvirkningskraft på sin egen avdeling. Men samtidig kan det også være en faktor som truer kvaliteten ved at man har mindre overordnet kontroll på innholdet i barnehagene. Veien videre Viktige spørsmål for videre forskning og utnyttelse av datamaterialet fra barnehagestudien omhandler hvorvidt det er spesifikke kvalitetsindikatorer i barnehagen (strukturelle eller prosessuelle) som spiller en rolle – isolert eller sammen – for barnets utvikling, og om disse sammenhengene er sterkere for enkelte barn enn for andre. Et overordnet mål for barnehagestudien er å identifisere gode kvalitetsindikatorer for norske barnehager.

Vartun, Marika; Helland, Siri Saugestad, Wang, Mari Vaage, Lekhal, Ratib & Schjølberg, Synnve (2012)

Noen resultater fra Barnehageundersøkelsen: En barnehage preget av kompetanse og trivsel

[Popular Science Article]. Første steg, (3) , s. 32-33.

Helland, Siri Saugestad; Varatun, Marika, Melkevik, Ole, Lekhal, Ratib & Schjølberg, Synnve (2012)

Barnehagen som arena for vekst og trivsel

[Professional Article]. Første steg, 2, s. 30-34.

Varatun, Marika; Helland, Siri Saugestad, Wang, Mari Vaage, Lekhal, Ratib & Schjølberg, Synnve (2012)

En barnehage preget av kompetanse og trivsel

[Professional Article]. Første steg, 3, s. 32-34.

Vartun, Marika; Helland, Siri Saugestad, Wang, Mari Vaage, Lekhal, Ratib & Schjølberg, Synnve (2012)

Noen resultater fra Barnehageundersøkelsen: En barnehage preget av kompetanse og trivsel

[Popular Science Article]. Første steg, (3) , s. 32-33.

Helland, Siri Saugestad; Varatun, Marika, Melkevik, Ole, Lekhal, Ratib & Schjølberg, Synnve (2012)

Barnehagen som arena for vekst og trivsel

[Professional Article]. Første steg, 2, s. 30-34.

Varatun, Marika; Helland, Siri Saugestad, Wang, Mari Vaage, Lekhal, Ratib & Schjølberg, Synnve (2012)

En barnehage preget av kompetanse og trivsel

[Professional Article]. Første steg, 3, s. 32-34.

Schjølberg, Synnve; Lekhal, Ratib, Vartun, Marika, Helland, Siri Saugestad & Mathiesen, Kristin Schjelderup (2011)

Barnepass fram til 18 måneder. Sammenhenger mellom barnepass fram til 18 måneder og språklige ferdigheter og psykisk fungering ved 5 år

[Report Research]. Folkehelseinstituttet

Zachrisson, Henrik Daae; Dearing, Eric, Toppelberg, Claudio O & Lekhal, Ratib (2011)

Child Care Quantity and Early Childhood Aggression in a Large Norwegian Cohort.

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Lekhal, Ratib (2011)

The relation between child care and language development, Results from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Schjølberg, Synnve; Lekhal, Ratib, Vartun, Marika, Helland, Siri Saugestad & Mathiesen, Kristin Schjelderup (2011)

Barnepass fram til 18 måneder. Sammenhenger mellom barnepass fram til 18 måneder og språklige ferdigheter og psykisk fungering ved 5 år

[Report Research]. Folkehelseinstituttet

Zachrisson, Henrik Daae; Dearing, Eric, Toppelberg, Claudio O & Lekhal, Ratib (2011)

Child Care Quantity and Early Childhood Aggression in a Large Norwegian Cohort.

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Lekhal, Ratib (2011)

The relation between child care and language development, Results from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Lekhal, Ratib (2009)

Barnehage og språkutvikling

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Lekhal, Ratib (2009)

Barnehage og språkutvikling

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Schjølberg, Synnve; Lekhal, Ratib, Wang, Mari Vaage, Zambrana, Imac Maria, Mathiesen, Kristin Schjelderup, Magnus, Per & Roth, Christine (2008)

Forsinket språkutvikling. En foreløpig oversikt basert på data fra Den norske mor og barn undersøkelsen

[Report Research]. Folkehelseinstituttet

Språkvansker er et av de vanligste problemene hos små barn. På grunn av den hyppige forekomsten og de alvorlige konsekvensene dette kan medføre, har det vært stort fokus på forsinket språkutvikling både fra ulike forskningsmiljøer, skoler og politisk hold. Språket blir sett på som et av de viktigste verktøyene for læring og samfunnsdeltakelse gjennom hele livet. For å kunne hindre at forsinkelser i språkutviklingen får ringvirkninger for barns sosiale liv og utdanningsløp, søker vi økt kunnskap om barns språkutvikling. Denne rapporten er utviklet for å gi en generell oversikt over barns språkutvikling ved 3 års alder, basert på data fra Den norske mor og barn undesøkelsen. Analysene som presenteres er basert på spørreskjemadata fra et utvalg på 22 509 barn. Spørreskjemaene innholder informasjon om barnas tidlige utvikling av kommunikasjon og språk, i tillegg til påvirkningsfaktorer som anses som av betydning for tilegnelsen av førstespråket. Skjemaene som ligger til grunn for analysene er fylt ut av barnas mødre når barna er 1 ½ og 3 år. Analysene som gjennomgås i rapporten viser at det er mange faktorer som trengs å studeres samtidig for å få et bilde av hva som påvirker barns språkutvikling. I rapporten har vi plassert alle barn med forsinket språkutvikling i en gruppe uavhengig av om de også har andre utviklingsvansker som kan forklare språkforsinkelsen. I sammendraget vektlegger vi tre hovedfunn. Det første funnet presenteres i kapittel 3. Vi ser at nesten halvparten av de barna som var forsinket i bruk av setninger ved 36 måneder også hadde dårligere kommunikasjonsferdigheter ved 18 måneder (45,6%). Allerede ved 18 mnd. er det stor variasjon i kommunikativ kompetanse. Det er kun en liten andel barn som vekker bekymring hos mødrene og henvises til spesialister på et så tidlig stadium. Variasjonen i språkkompetanse blir mindre ved 36 måneder (flere skårer innen normalvariasjonene) og de barna som skårer lavt på bruk av grad av kompleksitet i setningen vurderes også av foreldrene som å være forsinket. En større andel av barna i denne alderen er henvist til spesialist. Det neste funnet presenteres i kapittel 4, hvor vi finner tendenser til at barn med forsinket språk samtidig også har andre vansker. Barn med forsinket språkutvikling har hyppigere enn jevnaldrene også motoriske og sosiale vansker, de er oftere overaktive, aggressive, uoppmerksomme eller engstelige. De små kjønnsforskjellene peker i retning av at gutter har litt høyere hyppighet av vansker med motorikk og aggresjon, mens jentene har litt høyere frekvens av overaktivitet, uoppmerksomhet og engstelse. Vi finner ingen kjønnsforskjeller i sosiale vansker. Det siste funnet vi tar frem her presenteres i kapittel 5. Analysene tyder på at det er en sammenheng mellom barns språkutvikling og typen omsorgstilbudet barna er i. Blant barn som går i barnehage er andelen med forsinket språk lavere enn blant barn som passes hjemme. Det er også en større andel av barna som går i barnehage som snakker i lange og sammensatte setninger,. Disse funnene gjelder på tvers av sosiale forhold. Uavhengig av utdannelsesnivå, inntekt og morsmål, er andelen barn med forsinket språk mindre, og andelen som snakker i lange og sammensatte setninger større, dersom barna går i barnehage, sammenlignet med om de passes hjemme.

Schjølberg, Synnve; Lekhal, Ratib, Wang, Mari Vaage, Zambrana, Imac Maria, Mathiesen, Kristin Schjelderup, Magnus, Per & Roth, Christine (2008)

Forsinket språkutvikling. En foreløpig oversikt basert på data fra Den norske mor og barn undersøkelsen

[Report Research]. Folkehelseinstituttet

Språkvansker er et av de vanligste problemene hos små barn. På grunn av den hyppige forekomsten og de alvorlige konsekvensene dette kan medføre, har det vært stort fokus på forsinket språkutvikling både fra ulike forskningsmiljøer, skoler og politisk hold. Språket blir sett på som et av de viktigste verktøyene for læring og samfunnsdeltakelse gjennom hele livet. For å kunne hindre at forsinkelser i språkutviklingen får ringvirkninger for barns sosiale liv og utdanningsløp, søker vi økt kunnskap om barns språkutvikling. Denne rapporten er utviklet for å gi en generell oversikt over barns språkutvikling ved 3 års alder, basert på data fra Den norske mor og barn undesøkelsen. Analysene som presenteres er basert på spørreskjemadata fra et utvalg på 22 509 barn. Spørreskjemaene innholder informasjon om barnas tidlige utvikling av kommunikasjon og språk, i tillegg til påvirkningsfaktorer som anses som av betydning for tilegnelsen av førstespråket. Skjemaene som ligger til grunn for analysene er fylt ut av barnas mødre når barna er 1 ½ og 3 år. Analysene som gjennomgås i rapporten viser at det er mange faktorer som trengs å studeres samtidig for å få et bilde av hva som påvirker barns språkutvikling. I rapporten har vi plassert alle barn med forsinket språkutvikling i en gruppe uavhengig av om de også har andre utviklingsvansker som kan forklare språkforsinkelsen. I sammendraget vektlegger vi tre hovedfunn. Det første funnet presenteres i kapittel 3. Vi ser at nesten halvparten av de barna som var forsinket i bruk av setninger ved 36 måneder også hadde dårligere kommunikasjonsferdigheter ved 18 måneder (45,6%). Allerede ved 18 mnd. er det stor variasjon i kommunikativ kompetanse. Det er kun en liten andel barn som vekker bekymring hos mødrene og henvises til spesialister på et så tidlig stadium. Variasjonen i språkkompetanse blir mindre ved 36 måneder (flere skårer innen normalvariasjonene) og de barna som skårer lavt på bruk av grad av kompleksitet i setningen vurderes også av foreldrene som å være forsinket. En større andel av barna i denne alderen er henvist til spesialist. Det neste funnet presenteres i kapittel 4, hvor vi finner tendenser til at barn med forsinket språk samtidig også har andre vansker. Barn med forsinket språkutvikling har hyppigere enn jevnaldrene også motoriske og sosiale vansker, de er oftere overaktive, aggressive, uoppmerksomme eller engstelige. De små kjønnsforskjellene peker i retning av at gutter har litt høyere hyppighet av vansker med motorikk og aggresjon, mens jentene har litt høyere frekvens av overaktivitet, uoppmerksomhet og engstelse. Vi finner ingen kjønnsforskjeller i sosiale vansker. Det siste funnet vi tar frem her presenteres i kapittel 5. Analysene tyder på at det er en sammenheng mellom barns språkutvikling og typen omsorgstilbudet barna er i. Blant barn som går i barnehage er andelen med forsinket språk lavere enn blant barn som passes hjemme. Det er også en større andel av barna som går i barnehage som snakker i lange og sammensatte setninger,. Disse funnene gjelder på tvers av sosiale forhold. Uavhengig av utdannelsesnivå, inntekt og morsmål, er andelen barn med forsinket språk mindre, og andelen som snakker i lange og sammensatte setninger større, dersom barna går i barnehage, sammenlignet med om de passes hjemme.