Employee Profile

Knut Sogner

Professor - Department of Law and Governance

Image of Knut Sogner

Biography

I am professor of economic history at BI Norwegian Business School. I have written extensively on Norwegian businesses including companies like Tandberg, Nycomed, Simrad, the Kongsberg Group, Elkem and Orkla, as well as wealthy entrepreneurial families like Andresen, Kiær and Solberg. I have taken a particular interest in innovation and entrepreneurship when it comes to the economy, but have increasingly moved my attention to the people behind them: business leaders, engineers, as well as families. I hope to continue to study people in Norway and to take a grasp on people over time to include more ordinary people as well as the business elite. In May 2024 I published on Fagbokforlaget in Norwegian, as editor, my late father’s book «De «tvende Correlata» on Danish-Norwegian natural law in late 18th century Danish central administration, and here egalitarianism is a central element. I am also interested in comparative corporate governance, which the English language book I edited with Andrea Colli on Routledge is an example of. In a career that has gone on for a while, and that at the outset was pretty international in oulook, I am reemerging from the depth of Norwegian-language comissioned works and demanding administrative tasks to participate in international economic and business historical debates. With an eye for my Norwegian situatedness, of course. I was very happy to publish a revised English language doctoral thesis, Norway’s Pharmaceutical Revolution, with Oxford University Press in 2022, and my recent (December 2024) article on the Norwegian aluminium industry before, during and just after World War II in Business History Review extends, renews and sharpens previous work.

Publications

Sogner, Knut & Austveg, Victoria Ciobanu (2025)

Freedom of contract and company freedom. Corporate governance in Norway, 1890–1930

Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2025.2512872

Sogner, Knut (2024)

A Disrupting Strategic Metal: The Norwegian Aluminium Industry Meets World War II

98(3) , s. 657- 684. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007680524000527 - Full text in research archive

This article offers a new interpretation of the coming of state ownership in aluminium-related big businesses in Norway. It shows that the Norwegian aluminium business of the late 1930s and the 1940s was undertaken by a Scandinavian business elite fully capable of filling capital requirements after the war. This elite had, however, entangled itself in the German war effort in Norway mainly by supporting the building of new aluminium plants under the German occupiers’ control. This left it morally vulnerable to the increasing emphasis during the war on aluminium as a strategic metal. The Allied war effort—especially evident in US attitudes—had come to see the cartelized aluminium industry of the 1930s as working against the national interest by impacting national production capacity in a negative way. The Allies bombed the major new plant in Norway in 1943, and after the war the US acted restrictively toward Norwegian capital assets in the US. By pursuing ownership after 1945, the Norwegian state performed strategic ownership roles in large corporations, thereby also protecting these entities from the possible wrath of the US against private owners.

Sogner, Knut & Sogner, Bjørn (2024)

De «tvende Correlata». Henrik Stampes dansk-norske naturrettsprogram

Sogner, Knut (2023)

Academics as teachers of business responsibility? Historians, philosophers, and the maturation of the young minds within Norwegian business schools

, s. 226- 238. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035313174

Sogner, Knut (2022)

Norway’s Pharmaceutical Revolution. Pursuing and Accomplishing Innovation in Nyegaard & Co. 1945-1997

Sogner, Knut (2021)

Creating and Protecting paths. Learning in an entrepreneurial state

Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/eso.2021.54 - Full text in research archive

This paper discusses how a Norwegian entrepreneurial state has performed over more than seventy years, based on an analysis of state involvement in Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk/the Kongsberg Group from 1945 and to 2015. Mariana Mazzucato has argued that bold technological investments by the state has long-term beneficial effects. The development of the Kongsberg companies adds nuance to this picture. On the one hand, the defense company Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk failed as a company in 1987 and was unbundled into a number of new companies independent of one another. On the other hand, some of the successor companies have been very successful, both in the oil and gas sector and within defense. Taking the defense and oil and gas company the Kongsberg Group as a case, this paper argues that a new style of entrepreneurial state developed in the 1990s and that it proved very successful. The old entrepreneurial state was heavy-handed, bold, and very long-term in its aims; the new entrepreneurial state was cautious, many-headed, and worked through the management of the company. The new entrepreneurial state combined state ownership, stock listing, and procurement considerations and was supported by both the Ministry of Industry and the Ministry of Defense. This new governance structure facilitated a stable corporation that over time integrated other Norwegian maritime electronics companies, which themselves had a checkered history under the old entrepreneurial state. A new corporate governance regime emerged and managed both to protect old and established product lines and to facilitate innovation both in defense and maritime electronics.

Sogner, Knut (2021)

The Rise and Fall of Managerial Capitalism in Norway, 1895-1940

, s. 51- 68. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003009146-4 - Full text in research archive

This chapter argues that Norwegian managers at the turn of the last century actively used the emerging division of ownership and control and thus were creators of Norwegian modern business – and that their role in this has been neglected. It describes the current view of the Norwegian experience of the second industrial revolution. The chapter tracks Norwegian managerial influence in an entrepreneurial phase up to about 1910 and a “coming of age” maturation stage up to the 1920s and slightly beyond. It discusses the setback for the Norwegian managerial surge in the interwar years, when shareholder influence increased and Norwegian businesses and business constellations became smaller. The threat of foreign business domination lurked in the background of the dissolution of the union with Sweden in 1905. Recent scholarship suggests a uniquely Scandinavian collaborative approach to corporate governance since the late nineteenth century that includes a clear perception of management’s role.

Sogner, Knut & Colli, Andrea (2021)

The Emergence of Corporate Governance: People, Power & Performance

Sogner, Knut (2018)

Creativity, innovation, and the production of wealth

, s. 326- 342. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315764818-25 - Full text in research archive

This chapter offers an historic introduction to the broad field of innovation studies with an eye towards ethical matters. Four fundamental issues are highlighted. In the first section, I delineate how the concept of innovation has little place within the framework of standard economic models, yet innovation is crucial to the total economy. In the second section, I take up some theoretical approaches, emerging in the 1980s, that construe the phenomena of innovation as occurring within specific circumstances. This is the “interactive” approach. In the subsequent section, I focus on how innovation has been seen, by some, to be institutionalized within the large corporation or, in other cases, within clusters of small companies or even the nation state, noting as well how some scholars have argued for cultural or ethical frameworks as catalysts of innovation. In the final section, I canvas some of the debate as to whether or why innovation has failed to return economic growth to the wealthy nations.

Sogner, Knut (2016)

Ressursbedrifter og naturressurser

, s. 99- 112.

Sogner, Knut; Lie, Einar & Aven, Håvard Brede (2016)

Entreprenørskap i næringsliv og politikk. Festskrift til Even Lange

Sogner, Knut (2015)

Constructive power

Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-07137-8_12

Sogner, Knut (2014)

Hvem var forretningsmennene?

, s. 298- 321.

Sogner, Knut & Petersen, Tine (2014)

Strategiske samspill: Kongsberg Gruppens historie 1987-2014

Sogner, Knut (2012)

Ancestor or Inheritor? Johan H. Andresen (1888-1963) and his capitalist family

, s. 151- 165.

Sogner, Knut (2012)

Andresens. En familie i norsk økonomi og samfunnsliv gjennom to hundre år

Sogner, Knut (2009)

Slow growth and revolutionary change : the Norwegian IT industry enters the global age, 1970-2005

, s. 264- 294.

Sogner, Knut (2009)

Innovation as Adaptation: The Digital Challenge in the Norwegian Fishing Industry, 1970-1985

83(2) , s. 349- 367.

Sogner, Knut (2008)

Constructive power. Elkem 1904-2004

Sogner, Knut (2008)

Changing transnational affections. Orkla, Elkem and Norwegian big business 1960-2004

Sogner, Knut (2007)

The Fall and Rise of the Norwegian IT Industry in the Global Age, 1970-2005

81(Winter) , s. 709- 734.

Sogner, Knut (2007)

Utvikling av næringssystemer - systemtilnærminger i et historisk perspektiv

, s. 27- 41.

Sogner, Knut (2007)

Næringspolitikkens betydning for fremveksten av norsk elektronikk- og IT-industri

, s. 155- 171.

Sogner, Knut (2006)

Lederkapitalisme og eierkapitalisme. Energiselskapet Hafslund formes

Sogner, Knut (2005)

Mineraler og metallurgiske metoder

Amdam, Rolv Petter; Gran, Haakon, Hansen, Svein Olav & Sogner, Knut (2005)

Markedsøkonomiens utvikling

Bergh, Trond; Espeli, Harald & Sogner, Knut (2004)

Brytningstider. Storselskapet Orkla 1654-2004

Sogner, Knut (2004)

Gruveselskapet 1654-1973

, s. 15- 159.

Sogner, Knut (2004)

The Rise and Fall of State Information Technology Planning ? or how Norwegian Planners Became Captains of Industry 1960-1990

Sogner, Knut (2003)

Skaperkraft. Elkem gjennom 100 år 1904-2004

Sogner, Knut (2003)

Den norske IT-industrien fra krise til vekst 1975-2002

Christensen, Sverre; Espeli, Harald, Larsen, Eirinn & Sogner, Knut (2003)

Kapitalistisk demokrati?

Sogner, Knut (2002)

Det norske næringsborgerskapet under den andre industrielle revolusjon

81, s. 231- 251.

Sogner, Knut (2002)

En liten brikke i et stort spill. Den norske IT-industrien fra krise til vekst 1975-2000

Amdam, Rolv Petter; Sogner, Knut, Kipping, Matthias & Tiratsoo, Nick (2002)

The Diffusion of American Organisational Models to Norwegian Industries 1945-1970

Sogner, Knut (2001)

Plankeadel : Kiær og Solbergfamilien under den 2. industrielle revolusjon/... med bidrag av Sverre A. Christensen

Christensen, Sverre & Sogner, Knut (2001)

Treforedlingsbedriften Dubrowka

Sogner, Knut (2001)

Schumpeter og den kreative kapitalismen

Sogner, Knut (2001)

Plankeadel - en storeiende families vekst og fall

Sogner, Knut (2001)

Blandingsøkonomien omorganiseres. Fra plan til marked

Amdam, Rolv Petter; Gran, Haakon, Hansen, Svein Olav & Sogner, Knut (2001)

Markedsøkonomiens utvikling

Sogner, Knut; Travis, Anthony S., Morris, Peter, Schröter, Harm G. & Homburg, Ernst (1998)

Norwegian capitalist and the fertilizer business. The case of Hafslund and the Odda process

, s. 239- 256.

Sogner, Knut (1998)

Småfolk i stor verden. Nycomed, Norge og globaliseringen av farma- søytisk industri

Sogner, Knut & Amdam, Rolv Petter (1998)

Mellomkrigstiden - markedsøkonomien i krise

Sogner, Knut (2022)

Behov for samfunnssyn på BI

[Kronikk]

Sogner, Knut (2021)

Norge er et av verdens ledende laboratorier for vellykket, aktiv industripolitikk – og for mislykket

[Kronikk]

Sogner, Knut (2015)

Francis Sejersted (1936-2015)

[Kronikk]

Håvard, Aven & Sogner, Knut (2015)

Intervju med næringslivshistorikar Knut Sogner

[Kronikk]

Jari, Ojala & Sogner, Knut (2015)

Re-collaborating in the Nordic economic history research community

[Kronikk]

Sogner, Knut (2015)

Kongsbergmodellen

[Kronikk]

Myrvang, Christine & Sogner, Knut (2014)

En god jubileumsstory

[Kronikk]

Sogner, Knut & Austveg, Victoria Ciobanu (2024)

Freedom of contract and company freedom. Corporate governance in Norway, 1820-1930

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Sogner, Knut (2024)

Innledning, lansering av Bjørn Sogners De «tvende Correlata». Henrik Stampes dansk-norske naturrettsprogram

[Lecture]. Event

Sogner, Knut (2023)

Hvor går arbeiderhistorien?

[Professional Article]. 37(1) , s. 173- 174. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18261/arbeiderhistorie.37.1.12

Sogner, Knut (2023)

Fra Nyegaard & Co. til Nycomed: forvandlingen av et innovativt selskap

[Lecture]. Event

Sogner, Knut (2023)

Commentator session in European Business History Association's Conference, Oslo, August 25

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Sogner, Knut (2023)

A disrupting strategic metal. The Norwegian aluminium industry meets World War II

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Sogner, Knut (2023)

Kommentar til Jan Myhres Den norske modellen blir til, Oslo: Dreyer 2022, på UiOs avslutningskonferanse for prosjektet om Norden

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Sogner, Knut (2023)

A disrupting strategic metal. The Norwegian aluminium industry meets World War II,

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Sogner, Knut (2022)

«Hvem er de formuende i Norge og hvordan har de sett ut gjennom tidene?»

[Lecture]. Event

Sogner, Knut (2022)

Too big too survive, third version

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Sogner, Knut (2022)

Too big too survive I, paper presentert på Historiedagene, Bergen, 24.-26. juni

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Sogner, Knut (2022)

Too big too survive II

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Sogner, Knut (2022)

Innledning på seminar om presentasjon av Norsk bank- og pengevesen 1816—1892

[Lecture]. Event

Sogner, Knut (2022)

Elkem gjennom 120 år

[Lecture]. Event

Sogner, Knut (2022)

Norges farmasøytiske revolusjon

[Lecture]. Event

Sogner, Knut (2022)

Hvem tjener på innovasjon?

[Popular Science Article].

Sogner, Knut (2021)

Materialism and Economic History, innlegg på dr. gradskurset Materialism – Research School in History, May 26, Handelshøyskolen BI

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Sogner, Knut (2021)

A national aluminium strategy diverted. Norwegian aluminium industry meets World War II, presented at aluminium session

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Sogner, Knut (2021)

En nasjonal aluminiumstrategi på avveie: Tom Fearnley og møtet med den tyske okkupasjonen

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Sogner, Knut (2021)

Sporbeskyttelse. Statlig eierskap som norsk løsning på det lille lands sårbarhet

[Lecture]. Event

Sogner, Knut (2021)

A national aluminium strategy diverted. Norwegian aluminium industry meets World War II

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Sogner, Knut (2019)

Bankrupted in the Baltic. The Fall of Norwegian Leadership in the Nordic Wood Industry 1910-28

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Sogner, Knut (2019)

Bankrupted in the Baltic. The Fall of Norwegian Leadership in the Nordic Wood Industry 1910-28

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Sogner, Knut (2019)

Bankrupted in the Baltic. The Fall of Norwegian Leadership in the Nordic Wood Industry 1910-28

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Sogner, Knut (2018)

All in the family. The rise and fall of managerial capitalism in Norway, 1895—1940

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Sogner, Knut (2018)

All in the family. The rise and fall of managerial capitalism in Norway, 1895—1940

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Sogner, Knut & malonæs, tine (2017)

Fremveksten av systemkompetanse i Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Sogner, Knut (2017)

Corporate strategy as obstacle. Nycomed and the fate of innovation in a commercial culture 1981—1994

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Petersen, Tine & Sogner, Knut (2017)

Fremveksten av systemkompetanse i Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Sogner, Knut (2016)

Business History and Innovation

Sogner, Knut (red.). Business History and Innovation

Sogner, Knut (2016)

In the shadow of Silicon Valley. The large corporation as solution to the challenges of a small IT agglomeration

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Sogner, Knut (2015)

Corporate Capabilities vs. Systems of innovation: How firms in Norway got to be innovative

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Sogner, Knut (2015)

Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk og Kongsberg Gruppens historie

[Lecture]. Event

Sogner, Knut (2015)

From national strategy to business opportunities: Reaping the benefits of Norwegian military R&D 1945—2015

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Sogner, Knut (2015)

Familiene som styrte Norge

[Lecture]. Event

Sogner, Knut (2015)

Building dynamic capabilities. The Kongsberg Group 1987—2014

[Conference Lecture]. Event

Sogner, Knut (2015)

Orkla Grube-AB som nasjonal og internasjonal aktør

[Lecture]. Event

Hansen, Svein Olav; Amdam, Rolv Petter Storvik, Sogner, Knut & Gran, Haakon Herman (2005)

Markedsøkonomiens utvikling

[Textbook].

Sogner, Knut (2004)

Biografi over Gunnar Schjelderup

Sogner, Knut (red.). Biografi over Gunnar Schjelderup

Sogner, Knut (2004)

Biografi over Peter Collett Solberg

Sogner, Knut (red.). Biografi over Peter Collett Solberg

Sogner, Knut (2004)

Biografi over Thorleif Schjelderup

Sogner, Knut (red.). Biografi over Thorleif Schjelderup

Sogner, Knut & Sandvik, Pål Thonstad (2002)

Thorry Kiær

Sogner, Knut & Sandvik, Pål Thonstad (red.). Thorry Kiær

Sogner, Knut (2000)

Norsk vininteresse i historisk perspektiv

[Professional Article]. (1)

Academic Degrees
Year Academic Department Degree
1996 University of Oslo Ph.D Dr. Philos.
Work Experience
Year Employer Job Title
2001 - Present BI Norwegian Business School Professor
2011 - 2016 BI Norwegian Business School Head of Department
1997 - 2001 BI Norwegian Business School Associate Professor
1991 - 1997 BI Norwegian Business School Researcher
1990 - 1991 University of Oslo, Centre for Technology, Innovation and Culture Research Fellow