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Rønning, Thomas & Bråthen, Gina
(2022)
HR-2021-2532-A. Arbeidsgivers trekk i lønn for påstått feilutbetaling (motregning). Tolkning av arbeidsavtale med klausul om lønnstrekk. Tilbakebetaling. Condictio indebiti. Dissens 4-1.
Nytt i privatretten : nyhetsbrev for informasjon på det privatret, 24(1).
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Fernández, Jonatan Echebarria
(2022)
Public Health restrictions on the European Union’s four freedoms to overcome the COVID-19 pandemic: lessons learnt and a critical analysis
The Columbia journal of European law, 28(1).
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Innset, Ola
(2022)
Metahistory as Public History: On Introducing Metahistorical Perspectives in Events about Events
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Skjønberg, Alexander Sønderland
(2022)
Kommentarer til arbeidsmiljøloven kapittel 11, 14 og 16.
Karnov lovkommentarer.
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Espeli, Harald
(2022)
The minimum wage regulations in the Act on Industrial Home Work 1918–1995
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Norges første og mest langvarige minstelønnslov, loven om industrielt hjemmearbeid, ble vedtatt enstemmig av Stortinget i januar 1918. Det var en tidsbegrenset lov for fem år som ble forlenget to ganger før den i 1933 ble gjort permanent. Bare et par ganger på 1920-tallet var det parlamentarisk strid om lovens utforming. Hjemmearbeidsloven skulle kontrollere lønns- og arbeidsforhold ved produksjon av klær og andre produkter av industriell karakter, som foregikk i arbeidernes hjem eller hos en mellommann. Loven åpnet for å innføre minstelønnsregulering, noe som ble innført i hovedstaden i 1920 og etter hvert også andre steder. Et overveldende flertall av hjemmearbeiderne var kvinner. Det var hensynet til disse lavtlønnede og ofte utbyttede kvinnene som var hovedbegrunnelsen for loven. Minstelønnsreguleringene omfattet langt mer enn halvparten av hjemmearbeiderne på 1930-tallet, og reguleringene økte lønningene for de aller fleste av disse. Loven ble ikke endret etter 1939 og ble gradvis foreldet. Da loven ble opphevet i 1995, hadde den for lengst sluttet å ha betydning.
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Fjeldheim, Paul Henning
(2022)
Eiendomsmeglers plikt og rett til å varsle barnevernet
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Artikkelen tar for seg eiendomsmeglers plikt og rett til å varsle barnevernet i tilfeller hvor befaring av en eiendom gir opphav til bekymringer knyttet til barns bo- og familieforhold.
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Midttun, Atle; Khanieva, Marina, Lia, Magne & Wenner, Eivind
(2022)
The greening of the European petroleum industry
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Bråthen, Gina
(2022)
Kommentarer til aksjeloven kapittel 1,2,10, 11, 15, 18, 19, 20.
Karnov lovkommentarer.
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Goldthau, Andreas & Sitter, Nick
(2021)
Horses for courses. The roles of IPE and Global Public Policy in global energy research
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Ellingsæter, Sjur Swensen
(2021)
Verdimaksimering eller likedeling? Grensene for omstøtelse av kongruente betalinger
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Jåstad, Eirik Ogner; Bolkesjø, Torjus Folsland, Rørstad, Per Kr., Midttun, Atle, Sandquist, Judit & Trømborg, Erik
(2021)
The future role of forest-based biofuels: Industrial impacts in the Nordic countries
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This study applies a partial equilibrium forest sector model to analyse the impacts of biofuel deployment for road transport in the Nordic countries, when alternative use of the biomass resources and transport sector electrification are considered. We foresee a strong electrification of the transport sector, resulting in a demand for biofuels of approximately 2.5 billion L in 2035 and 1 billion L in 2050 in a 100% fossil-free base scenario. The simultaneous increase in demand from pulping industries and biofuel will cause an overall increase in wood use, of which the biofuels share will constitute approximately 20–25%. The utilization of harvest residues will increase more than 300% compared to the current level, since biofuel production will reallocate some of the current raw material used in district heating. Biofuel consumption in road transport will likely reduce after 2040 due to increasing electrification, but it is plausible that the declining domestic demand will be replaced by increasing demand from international biofuel markets in aviation and shipping. The main uncertainties in the scenarios are the future costs and profitability of forest-based biofuel technologies and the public acceptance of the close to 100 TWh of new renewable electricity production needed for the electrification of Nordic road transport
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Stoknes, Per Espen; Bjerke Soldal, Olav, Hansen, Sissel, Kvande, Ingvar & Skjelderup, Sylvia Weddegjerde
(2021)
Willingness to Pay for Crowdfunding Local Agricultural Climate Solutions
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Sogner, Knut
(2021)
Creating and Protecting paths. Learning in an entrepreneurial state
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Innset, Ola
(2021)
An Army of Fighters for Freedom. The social environment of the first Mont Pélerin-Society conference
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Callegari, Beniamino & Feder, Christophe
(2021)
Entrepreneurship and the systemic consequences of epidemics: A literature review and emerging model
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Sitter, Nick
(2021)
Defending the State: Nationalism, Geopolitics and Differentiated Integration in Visegrád Four Security Policy
European Foreign Affairs Review, 26, p. 127-144.
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During the second half of the 2010s the governments of Poland and Hungary took a sharp turn away from liberal democracy and the rule of law. As they slipped down the international democracy rankings, the European Union initiated its procedures under Article 7 to investigate possible breaches of its fundamental laws and values. However, the two governments sought to distinguish between their conflict with the European Commission over the rule of law on one hand and their commitment to collective security on the other. The central question in this article is whether they managed to do this, and to what extent democratic backsliding poses security challenges for the EU by weakening its actorness in the field of security, defence and foreign policy. A comparative assessment of Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic suggests that democratic backsliding does indeed have security implications for the EU, but that this is only one of several factors driving differentiated integration in the Visegrád Four in this field. Developments in the region are part of a wider EU trend of re-nationalization of security policy. Indeed, in the security field, vertical differentiated integration (in the sense of different mixes of supranational and intergovernmental regimes) is a key factor in mitigating the consequences of horizontal differentiation (different Member State policies).
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Espeli, Harald
(2021)
Minstelønnsloven for underordnede handelsfolk 1918–1925
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Espeli, Harald
(2021)
Beskatningen av aksjeselskap før Norge fikk en aksjelov i 1910
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Espeli, Harald
(2021)
Beskatningen av aksjeselskapene og aksjonærene i skattelovene av 1911
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Collste, David; Cornell, Sarah E., Randers, Jørgen, Rockström, Johan & Stoknes, Per Espen
(2021)
Human well-being in the Anthropocene: Limits to growth
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Callegari, Beniamino; Luzzi, Alessandra, Martinsen, Ingvild & Walla, Elise
(2021)
Digital Transformation: meet or evade the Challenge? A Case Study in the Maritime Industry
Academy of Management Proceedings.
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Christensen, Sverre August
(2021)
A Narrative Approach to Corporate Relations: The Historical Background on Telenor’s Success
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Espeli, Harald
(2021)
Redernes motstand mot aksjeloven av 1910
Sjøfartshistorisk årbok, p. 7-64.
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Norway got its first limited liability company law in 1910. The
law was to regulate the establishment and management of limited
liability companies, which until then had been established and
operated based on freedom of contract. The law’s objective was
mainly to protect the company’s creditors and minority shareholders,
and to promote the legitimacy of the organizational form with
limited liability. This meant that the shareholders had no liability
beyond the share capital. However, the Companies Act did not
cover shipping companies – limited companies that operated
shipping – which was first regulated by the Shipping Companies
Act of 1916. The exemption for shipping companies came into the
Government’s Companies Bill in 1910, after shipowners’ opposition
to previous government bills from the government had
contributed significantly to the Storting discarding the bills in 1903
and 1905. The limited company had replaced the partner shipping
company and its pro rata liability, as the shipping companies’ basic
form of organization before 1910.
This fundamental change in the shipping company’s organizational
form is an important theme in Norwegian shipping history,
but it has to a small extent been linked to the legal and political
tug-of-war over the Companies Act. Shipowners’ opposition and
arguments against a common company law for all business activities
are the main topic of this article. The shipowners are here
understood as the shipping companies’ general managers, who
were often referred to as manager or managing shipowners in a
shipping company or partner shipping company. The manager or
managing shipowner often had a significant shareholding in the
shipping company(s) they managed. The article sheds new light
on the shipowners’ views on corporate governance in limited
companies. It differed markedly from other parts of the business
community that used this organizational form, and where the
Companies Act’s mechanisms for protecting minority shareholders
and creditors were not controversial.
Four questions are central in the article. Which provisions in the draft of Companies Act did the shipowners oppose? Why did the shipowners react so late if the bill was as important as they claimed? To what extent was the government willing to comply with the shipowners’ demands within the framework of a Companies Act? And, why did Norway get its own Ship Companies Act despite the shipowners being relatively satisfied with the changes proposed in the Companies Bill of 1904-1905?
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Espeli, Harald
(2020)
Insurance cartels and state policies in Norway, 1870s–1990s
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Goldthau, Andreas & Sitter, Nick
(2020)
Power, authority and security: the EU’s Russian gas dilemma
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Adarkwah, Gilbert Kofi & Petersen Malonæs, Tine
(2020)
Firm-specific advantages: a comprehensive review with a focus on emerging markets
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We consolidate and comprehensively review the international business (IB) literature on the firm-specific advantages (FSAs) of emerging market multinational enterprises (EM MNEs). We do so through a systematic examination of 88 empirical and conceptual articles published in top-ranked IB journals between 2011 and 2018. The results reveal that in the past decades, EM MNEs have acquired several of the same FSAs as their counterparts in developed countries (developed country enterprises or DC MNEs) financial resources, technologies, marketing capabilities, brand equity, R&D intensity, and management competencies. However, more recently, EM MNEs have developed additional unique FSAs in the form of managerial capabilities - to cope with competition in uncertain and constantly changing environments; easy access to cheaper capital; a stronger commitment to networks, such as those with diaspora communities; and, political connections. These additional FSAs have catalyzed the internationalization of EM MNEs. Our study also shows that some hurdles remain in the IB literature on FSAs. For instance, while IB scholars agree that EM MNEs have different investment motives depending on whether they invest in other emerging economies or developed economies, scholars are silent on the exact FSAs necessary to make EM MNEs investments in the respective economies successful. To advance the IB literature, we present some promising future research areas and challenge scholars to pursue further empirical studies on the FSAs of EM MNEs.
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Bakke, Elisabeth & Sitter, Nick
(2020)
The EU’s Enfants Terribles: Democratic backsliding in Central Europe since 2010