Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke
Adjunct Professor
Campus Trondheim, Department of Economics
Employee Profile
- E-mail hildegunn.e.stokke@bi.no
Publications
Shows
5
of 21 publication(s)
Article Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2023)
Public sector wage compression and wage inequality: gender and geographic heterogeneity
Studies of wage inequality concentrate on private wages. Public sector wages are typically assumed to contribute to the overall wage equality. We challenge this understanding in an analysis of the relative skill premium in the public versus private sectors. The analysis of heterogeneity across gender and geography is based on rich register data for Norway. The raw data confirm the relative wage compression in the public sector. However, this is a male phenomenon and only prevalent in large cities when unobserved worker and firm characteristics are taken into account. With identification based on shifters between private and public sectors and movers between city-size groups, wage setting for female workers in the public sector increases wage inequality in all regions, particularly in the periphery. The result is consistent with policies promoting the recruitment of high-educated female workers and the expansion of public services in the periphery counterbalancing the desired equality effect of public wages.
Article Stefan Leknes, Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2022)
Assortative labor matching, city size, and the education level of workers
We investigate the heterogeneity of assortative labor matching with respect to geography, skills, and tasks. Our contribution is to separate plant quality by education level and occupation tasks using the AKM-model. We introduce a geology-related instrument to analyze the city effect and address limited mobility bias. Using rich administrative worker-plant dataset for Norway, we show that matching of the college educated have a strong city effect. The IV estimates indicate that a doubling of city size increases the correlation between worker and plant quality by 9 percentage points. A wage decomposition shows that matching accounts for 22% of the urban wage premium adjusted for sorting. In terms of occupations, better matching in cities is observed only for non-routine abstract tasks.
Article Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2021)
The gender wage gap and the early-career effect: the role of actual experience and education level
This paper studies how the gender wage gap develops with work experience throughout the career. The contribution is twofold. First, the analysis applies matched employer-employee register data with information on actual, rather than potential, experience. Second, the career effect of the gender wage gap is allowed to differ by workers’ education level. The male wage premium is small upon entry to the labor market, whereas it increases rapidly throughout the early career, before stabilizing. In contrast to the existing literature, the estimates reveal heterogeneity among high-educated workers, where the widening of the wage gap is much smaller for postgraduates than other college graduates.
Article Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2021)
Regional payroll tax cuts and individual wages: heterogeneous effects of worker ability and firm productivity
This paper exploits a payroll tax reform in Norway and applies matched employer–employee register data on individual wages to study the incidence of payroll taxation. The contribution is to allow for heterogeneous wage effects of payroll tax cuts based on unobserved worker ability and firm productivity (measured by estimated worker and firm fixed effects, respectively). Using the difference-in-difference approach, the estimates show that on average, about 30% of the labor cost reduction is shifted to employees through higher wages and the degree of tax shifting increases gradually during the first 3 years after the reform. Among high-productivity firms, the degree of tax shifting is stable at 40–50% throughout the post-reform period. In low-productivity firms, none of the labor cost reduction is shifted to employees in the short term, but there is a delayed wage response in the medium term. On average, the wage effect of reduced payroll taxes is twice as large in high-productivity compared to low-productivity firms. The difference in wage response is mainly between firms, rather than between workers within firms, although low-ability workers in low-productivity firms miss out on the wage gain from the reduced labor costs. The analysis does not find any robust employment effect of the payroll tax cut, neither in low- nor in high-productivity firms.
Article Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2020)
Private-public wage gap and return to experience: Role of geography, gender and education
Analyses of the static private-public wage premium are available for most industrialized countries and the higher education level in the public sector has been shown to be important. We address three shortcomings in these studies – the return to work experience accumulated in the two sectors, the role of geography, and gender differences. Rich register data for Norway allow for observation of work experience by sector and region, and the dynamic gap resulting from different returns to sector experience can be calculated. When selection on observable and unobservable worker characteristics is controlled for, the estimates show that experience accumulated in the private sector has higher return than public sector experience. Geography matters, and both the static gap and the dynamic experience effect are higher in cities. For the low educated, the additional return to private experience is a city phenomenon only. Gender differences are important for high-educated workers. High-educated women have less additional return to private sector experience than high-educated men and receive the same gain from experience accumulated in cities and in the rest of the country. The dynamic experience effect adds to the static private wage premium, and for high-educated male workers it accounts for about 2/3 of the total wage gap including 10 years of experience.
Article Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2019)
Identification of the private-public wage gap
We suggest an identification strategy for the private-public sector wage gap to correct for the bias resulting from the heterogeneity of unobservable characteristics between shifters and stayers. The analysis applies a fixed effect difference-in-difference model with event study design to estimate the wage gap. As the parallel wage trend assumption between shifters from the public to the private sector and public sector stayers is rejected, late shifters still in the public sector are used as counterfactual group for early shifters. The estimates are based on rich register data for high-educated workers in Norway 1993–2010. Using this novel identification method, we show that due to positive selection, the private-public wage gap is overestimated by about 20% in the standard model comparing shifters with stayers. In an extension of the analysis, we show that the overestimation is the same for male and female workers and is robust across business cycles, although the size of the wage gap is pro-cyclical.
Article Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2016)
National income taxation and the geographic distribution of population
We study how different national taxation schemes interact with geographic variation in productivity and consumption amenities in determining regional populations. A neoclassical migration equilibrium model is used to analyze the current nominal income tax system in Norway. The analysis is based on estimated regional income differences accounting for both observable and unobservable individual characteristics and the value of experience. Given regional differences in incomes and housing prices, quality of life and productivity are calibrated to model equilibrium. Compared to an undistorted equilibrium with lump-sum taxation, nominal income taxation creates a disincentive to locate in productive high-income regions. The deadweight loss due to locational inefficiencies is 0.18% of gross domestic product (GDP). We study real income taxation and equal real taxes as alternative tax systems. Both alternatives generate a geographic distribution of the population closer to the undistorted equilibrium, and hence with lower deadweight loss. In an extension of the analysis, we take into account payroll taxes. The existing regionally differentiated payroll taxes to the disadvantage of cities generate a deadweight loss of 0.22% of GDP in an economy with lump-sum income taxation. The two distortionary taxes interact and strengthen each other and the combined distortionary effect of income and payroll taxation in the Norwegian system is 0.46% of GDP.
Article Fredrik Carlsen, Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2016)
Education, experience, and urban wage premium
Cities have higher wages and more college-educated workers than less populated areas. We investigate the heterogeneity of the agglomeration effect and sorting with respect to education. The magnitude of static and dynamic agglomeration effects on wages in Norway is estimated for different educational categories. Using rich administrative data for the period 2003–2010 with experience data back to 1993, we find that college-educated workers have higher return to labor market experience accumulated in cities. The city wage premium of less educated workers is increasing in job tenure, while the college educated gain more from shifting jobs between firms. We address sorting by comparing distributions of worker fixed effects by level of education. The distribution of unobserved abilities is similar in cities and the rest of the country for workers with only primary and secondary education, while the distribution for workers with college education is shifted to the right in cities. Sorting with respect to unobserved abilities matters for college-educated workers, even when taking dynamic learning effects into account. Distinguishing between young and old workers, we find that differences in unobserved abilities are more important early in a worker's career.
Article Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2013)
Regional Convergence of Income and Education: Investigation of Distribution Dynamics
Recent US studies find that regional education levels diverge and that this can explain the decline of income convergence. The paper challenges the suggested relationship between movements in the distributions of income and education based on Norwegian data. Kernel density functions and Markov chains are applied and a test is undertaken of co-movements in the distributions of education and income. Education levels converge and are equalised across the country, and this process coincides with income convergence. However, the test indicates that transitions in the income and education distributions are basically unrelated. The education level increases in large cities with limited income growth and the income growth is strong in regions with continued low education level.
Article Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2013)
Population Divergence and Income Convergence: Regional Distribution Dynamics for Norway
Regional population divergence follows from in-migration to cities with high income levels. The dynamic relationship between population and income is investigated for Norwegian labour market regions using distribution analysis. Income convergence is shown to result from upward transitions in the income distribution by low- and middle-income regions, and the linkages between income growth and population growth are weak. The population-weighted income distribution diverges, since the expanding city-regions stay at the income top. People are moving to regions with the highest income levels, but these regions do not have the highest income growth.
Article Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2013)
Trade, skill biased technical change and wage inequality in South Africa
Trade openness influences the wage structure via technology adoption in middle income countries. Given the econometric challenges of handling endogenous trade and technology interaction, we offer an alternative quantification based on calibration of a general equilibrium model. We expand the standard open economy Ramsey model to include comparative advantage, technology adoption and skill bias influenced by investment decisions. The calibration constructs a reference path for South Africa and allows counterfactual analysis of trade openness. The quantitative results imply that trade effects via technology adoption and skill bias can be an important determinant of wage inequality in middle income countries.
Article Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2012)
Trade policy in a growth model with technology gap dynamics and simulations for South Africa
We extend an open economy Ramsey model to include the technology gap to the world technology frontier. The setting is a middle income country with productivity growth driven by technology adoption and foreign capital goods stimulating spillover and catching up. The interaction of technology adoption and capital accumulation generates prolonged transition growth and strengthens the growth effect of increased openness. Model simulations reproduce the changing openness in South Africa 1960–2005. International sanctions and protectionism are represented by a calibrated tariff equivalent, and the counterfactual elimination of the tariff equivalent shows large potential for GDP growth. According to our preferred parameterization increased trade share by 10% points raises GDP level over time by about 12%. Separating the effects of openness between investment and productivity we find that almost 60% of the increase in GDP is due to increased productivity, partly because of interaction with higher investment.
Article Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2009)
Multinational supermarket chains in developing countries: does local agriculture benefit?
There is no consensus in the empirical literature on how entry of multinational supermarket chains affects farmers in developing countries. Econometric analyses struggle with causality issues and are unclear about the channel of effects. We quantify the dynamic effects of supermarket expansion on agriculture within a structural framework that clarifies the adjustment mechanisms involved. The model specification allows for endogenous interaction between agricultural productivity and supermarkets' choice of suppliers. Based on numerical simulations, two results emerge. First, we offer a possible interpretation of the conflicting evidence in the empirical literature. Whether farmers benefit from supermarkets or get stuck in a low productivity trap depends on the extent of local constraints related to production capacity and market access. Second, supply chain development initiated by supermarkets can help farmers escape the low productivity trap. While supermarkets face a short-run cost to supplier upgrading, they gradually gain from more productive local suppliers.
Article Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2008)
Resource boom, productivity growth and real exchange rate dynamics - A dynamic general equilibrium analysis of South Africa
This paper studies the impact of a natural resource boom on structural change and real exchange rate dynamics, taking into account the indirect effect that operates through relative sectoral productivity changes. The paper's contribution to the Dutch disease literature is threefold. First, I extend the simple learning by doing productivity specification to include trade barriers and technology gap dynamics, consistent with the modern treatment of productivity growth. Second, I present a dynamic general equilibrium analysis that incorporates imperfect substitution between domestic and foreign goods. Third, I apply the model to South Africa and analyze the macroeconomic impact of increases in gold prices during the 1970s. Political pressure for rapid domestic spending following a surge in resource rents tends to generate myopic government behavior with immediate expansion of government consumption. The model specification captures this fiscal response to higher resource income. Numerical simulations show how the resource boom can help explain the paths of structural change and real exchange rates observed in South Africa. Because of productivity effects, gradual real depreciation follows an initial appreciation of the real exchange rate.
Article Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2008)
Productivity Growth and Organizational Learning
Article Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2007)
A growth model for South Africa
We examine the South African growth experience during 1960-2005 using an intertemporal growth model. The model combines old growth theory investment dynamics and new growth theory endogenous productivity growth. The consumption and investment decisions are intertemporal and assume open capital markets. Structural change is captured by separating the traded and nontraded sectors, and sectoral productivity growth is determined in a barriers-to-growth framework. Calibration of the model shows how the growth experience combines neoclassical convergence, technology spillovers with barriers and productivity-investment interaction. Counterfactual analysis shows the growth costs of sanctions and protectionism. The suggested model is an alternative to existing growth modelling in South Africa, in which investments are short-sighted and productivity growth is imposed exogenously.
Article XS Diao, Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2006)
Learning by exporting and structural change: A Ramsey growth model of Thailand
Article Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke, Jørn Rattsø, Xinshen Diao (2005)
Learning by exporting and structural change: A Ramsey growth model of Thailand
Article XS Diao, Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2005)
International spillovers, productivity growth and openness in Thailand: an intertemporal general equilibrium analysis
Article Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2004)
Technology adoption and multiple growth paths: An intertemporal general equilibrium analysis of the catch-up process in Thailand
Article Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2003)
Learning and Foreign Technology Spillovers in Thailand: Empirical Evidence on Productivity Dynamics
Thailand has experienced annual average growth of GDP of remarkable 6.6% during the period 1950 � 2000. We analyze total factor productivity (TFP) growth in a modified Nelson-Phelps framework where foreign trade and foreign direct investment influence the adoption of technology. The econometric analysis separating between sources of productivity for agriculture and industry covers the period 1975 � 96. International spillovers are significant and important, and both sectors have been able to take benefit of openness. The analysis addresses the endogeneity issues involved in the estimation of TFP sources and investigates the dynamics of productivity. The effects during the period studied must be interpreted as transition growth, and endogenous growth effects are rejected.
Shows
5
of 135 publication(s)
Conference lecture Stefan Leknes, Sturla A K Løkken, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke, Eric Myran Wee (2025)
Infrastructure investment, labor market expansion, and productivity effects
Report Stefan Leknes, Jørn Gisle Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2025)
Intangible capital and agglomeration economies
Conference lecture Stefan Leknes, Jørn Gisle Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2025)
Intangible capital and agglomeration economies
Conference lecture Stefan Leknes, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke, Eric Myran Wee (2025)
Cities and assortative matching dynamics over worker careers
Conference lecture Stefan Leknes, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke, Eric Myran Wee (2025)
Cities and assortative matching dynamics over worker careers
Conference lecture Stefan Leknes, Jørn Gisle Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2025)
Intangible capital and agglomeration economies
Conference lecture Stefan Leknes, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke, Eric Myran Wee (2025)
Cities and assortative matching dynamics over worker careers
Conference lecture Stefan Leknes, Sturla A K Løkken, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke, Eric Myran Wee (2025)
Infrastructure investment, labor market expansion, and productivity effects
Conference lecture Stefan Leknes, Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2024)
The agglomeration effect: The role of intangible-intensive industries
Conference lecture Stefan Leknes, Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2024)
The agglomeration effect: The role of intangible-intensive industries
Conference lecture Stefan Leknes, Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2024)
The agglomeration effect: The role of intangible-intensive industries
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2023)
Public sector wage compression and wage inequality: Gender and geographic heterogeneity
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2023)
Public sector wage compression and wage inequality: Gender and geographic heterogeneity
Conference lecture Stefan Leknes, Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2022)
Assortative labor matching, city size, and the education level of workers
Article Stefan Leknes, Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2020)
Assortative labor matching, city size, and the education level of workers
Recent research shows that thicker labor markets display better assortative matching. Our contribution addresses identification challenges and heterogeneity of effects, in particular with respect to education. Using a rich administrative worker-firm dataset for Norway, labor market size is shown to be of relevance for assortative matching mainly for the college educated. Among these, the pattern is most pronounced for workers of intermediate ages, with education related to business and administration, men, and service sector workers. Results are robust to instrumentation of population size using historical mines and sample adjustment to mitigate limited mobility bias.
Conference lecture Stefan Leknes, Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2020)
Assortative labor matching, city size, and the education level of workers
Conference lecture Stefan Leknes, Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2020)
Assortative labor matching, city size, and the education level of workers
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2019)
Wage inequality: College premium, economic geography, and private-public sector
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2019)
Dynamic private-public wage gap: Return to experience, education level and city effect
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2019)
Wage inequality: College premium, economic geography, and private-public sector
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2018)
Wage inequality: College premium, economic geography, and private-public sector
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2018)
Identification of the private-public wage gap
Report Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2018)
Dynamic private-public wage gap: Return to experience, education level and city effect
Report Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2018)
Identification of the private-public wage gap
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2018)
Dynamic private-public wage gap: Return to experience, education level and city effect
Conference lecture Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2016)
The gender wage gap and the early-career effect
Conference lecture Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2016)
Regional payroll tax cuts and individual wages: Heterogeneous effects across education groups
Conference lecture Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2016)
Regional payroll tax cuts and individual wages: Heterogeneous effects across education groups
Report Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2016)
Regional payroll tax cuts and individual wages: Heterogeneous effects across education groups
Report Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2016)
The gender wage gap and the early-career effect
Conference lecture Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2016)
Regional payroll tax cuts and individual wages: Heterogeneous effects across education groups
Conference lecture Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2016)
Regional payroll tax cuts and individual wages: Heterogeneous effects across education groups
Conference lecture Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2016)
The gender wage gap and the early-career effect
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2015)
National income taxation and the geographic distribution of population
Master thesis Hallvard Bjørge, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2015)
Inntektskonvergens i regioner i Europa : en økonomisk analyse av inntektskonvergens, og naboeffekter
Report Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2015)
National income taxation and the geographic distribution of population
Report Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2015)
Handling amenities in income taxation: Analysis of tax distortions in a migration equilibrium model
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2015)
Handling amenities in income taxation: Analysis of tax distortions in a migration equilibrium model
Report Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2015)
Regional payroll tax cuts and individual wages: Heterogeneous effects across education groups
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2015)
Handling amenities in income taxation: Analysis of tax distortions in a migration equilibrium model
Conference lecture Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2015)
Regional payroll tax cuts and individual wages: Heterogeneous effects across education groups
Conference lecture Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2015)
Regional payroll tax cuts and individual wages: Heterogeneous effects across education groups
Conference lecture Fredrik Carlsen, Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2014)
Education, experience and dynamic urban wage premium
Master thesis Ole-Christian Grytten, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2014)
Konvergensklubber og opprettholdelsen av internasjonale inntektsforskjeller
Conference lecture Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2014)
The gender wage gap: Stay young and educated
Master thesis Magnus Høsøien Vemundstad, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2013)
Productivity Growth and Openness in the Norwegian Industrial Sector
Conference lecture Fredrik Carlsen, Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2013)
Education, experience and dynamic urban wage premium
Conference lecture Fredrik Carlsen, Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2013)
Education, experience and dynamic urban wage premium
Conference lecture Fredrik Carlsen, Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2013)
Education, experience and dynamic urban wage premium
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2013)
Modeling regional income convergence when productivity responds to labor mobility
Master thesis Camilla Vedeler, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2013)
Productivity Growth in South Africa and the Effects of Foreign Direct Investments: A time series analysis
Conference lecture Fredrik Carlsen, Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2013)
Education, experience and dynamic urban wage premium
Report Lars-Erik Borge, Lars Håkonsen, Knut Løyland, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2013)
Lokale skatter og insentiver til næringsutvikling
Master thesis Caroline Andreassen, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2013)
Agglomerasjonseffekter og servicesektoren: En empirisk analyse av inntektsforskjeller i norske kommuner
Master thesis Anders Wågø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2012)
Økonomisk konvergens, og effekten av utdanning, infrastruktur og institusjoner: En empirisk analyse på tvers av land
Master thesis Hanne Søiland, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2012)
En empirisk analyse av agglomerasjonseffekten i norske regioner
Conference lecture Fredrik Carlsen, Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2012)
Urban wage premium and the role of education: Identification of agglomeration effects for Norway
Master thesis Øyvind Nipe Skjervold, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2012)
En empirisk analyse av agglomerasjonseffkter og urbane kostnader i norske kommuner
Conference lecture Fredrik Carlsen, Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2012)
Urban wage premium and the role of education: Identification of agglomeration effects for Norway
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2012)
Trade, skill biased technical change and wage inequality in South Africa
Master thesis Erlend Karlsen, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2012)
Inntektskonvergens og effekten av befolkningsvekst på inntektsutvikling: En empirisk studie på regioner i EU
Master thesis Maria-Theres Kulstad Bergdal, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2011)
Økonomisk konvergens og effekten av utdanning: En empirisk studie av inntektsvekst i svenske kommuner
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2011)
Migration and dynamic agglomeration economies: Regional income growth in Norway
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2011)
The limited role of education for regional income convergence: Evidence from Norway
Master thesis Marius Strand, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2011)
Turning Every Stone for Success: Evidence from UN's Millennium Development Goals and Statistics Norway Pilot Project
Master thesis Rasmus Eiternes Guldvik, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2011)
Openness and Wage Inequality:: A Study of South Africa
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2011)
Migration and dynamic agglomeration economies: Regional income growth in Norway
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2011)
Migration and dynamic agglomeration economies: Regional income growth in Norway
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2011)
The limited role of education for regional income convergence: Evidence from Norway
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2011)
The limited role of education for regional income convergence: Evidence from Norway
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2011)
Migration and dynamic agglomeration economies: Regional income growth in Norway
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2010)
Regional income convergence, skilled migration and productivity response: Explaining relative stagnation in the periphery
Master thesis Erik Andre Jenssen Holmstad, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2010)
Regional Inntektskonvergens i EU Regresjonsanalyse og Morkov Matriser
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2010)
Migration and dynamic agglomeration economies: Time-series evidence from Norway
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2010)
Migration and dynamic agglomeration economies: Time-series evidence from Norway
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2010)
Trade policy in a growth model with technology gap dynamics and simulations for South Africa
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2010)
Migration and dynamic agglomeration economies: Time-series evidence from Norway
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2010)
Trade policy in a growth model with technology gap dynamics and simulations for South Africa
Master thesis Linda Leanette Vehre Gresslien, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2010)
Bilateral bistand - mer selektiv allokeering?
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2010)
Trade policy in a growth model with technology gap dynamics and simulations for South Africa
Report Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2009)
Regional income convergence, skilled migration and productivity response: Explaining relative stagnation in the periphery
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2009)
Wage inequality, comparative advantage and skill biased technical change in South Africa
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2009)
Wage inequality, comparative advantage and skill biased technical change in South Africa
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2009)
Regional income convergence, skilled migration and productivity response: Explaining relative stagnation in the periphery
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2009)
Growth effects of trade barriers in South Africa: What is the role of investment vs. productivity?
Report Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2009)
Wage inequality, comparative advantage and skill biased technical change in South Africa
Report Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2009)
Regional income convergence, skilled migration and productivity response: Explaining relative stagnation in the periphery
Report Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2009)
Wage inequality, comparative advantage and skill biased technical change in South Africa
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2009)
Wage inequality, comparative advantage and skill biased technical change in South Africa
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2009)
Wage inequality, comparative advantage and skill biased technical change in South Africa
Master thesis Anders Dahl Bakken, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2009)
FDI til overgangsøkonomiene - betydningen av institusjoner og reform
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2008)
Dynamic responses to trade liberalization: Calibration of quantitative effects
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2008)
Trade barriers to growth in South Africa: Endogenous investment-productivity-trade interaction
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2008)
Trade barriers to growth in South Africa: Endogenous investment-productivity-trade interaction
Master thesis Ole Henning Nyhus, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2008)
Økonomisk konvergens En empirisk studie
Master thesis Truls Dix Brochmann, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2008)
Naturressurser, humankapital og økonomisk vekst
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2008)
Trade barriers to growth in South Africa: Endogenous investment-productivity-trade interaction
Report Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2008)
Multinational supermarked chains in developing countries: Does local agriculture benefit?
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2008)
Trade barriers to growth in South Africa: Endogenous investment-productivity-trade interaction
Master thesis Therese Næss, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2007)
Dutch disease - Ressursenes Forbannelse. Numeriske simuleringer av Dutch Disease fenomenet i Sør-Afrika
Conference lecture Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2007)
Resource boom, productivity growth and real exchange rate dynamics: A dynamic general equilibrium analysis of South Africa
Master thesis Katrine Blystad Solbu, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2007)
Produktivitetsvekst i Sør-Afrika
Master thesis Tomas Oliver Waldal Verstad, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2007)
En empirisk analyse av real valutakurs i Sør-Afrika
Conference lecture Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2007)
Supermarkets and local agriculture: A Ramsey analysis of productivity linkages
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2006)
Barriers to growth and skill-biased income distribution in South Africa
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2006)
Barriers to growth and skill-biased income distribution in South Africa
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2006)
Barriers to growth and skill-biased income distribution in South Africa
Report Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2006)
Resource Boom, Productivity Growth and Real Exchange Rate Dynamics - A dynamic general equilibrium analysis of South Africa
We study the impact of a natural resource boom on structural change and real exchange rate dynamics, taking into account the indirect effect via relative sectoral productivity changes. Our contribution relative to the Dutch disease literature is threefold. First, the productivity specification is extended from simple learning by doing to include trade barriers and technology gap dynamics, consistent with the modern understanding of productivity growth. Second, we offer a dynamic general equilibrium model with imperfect substitution between domestic and foreign goods. Third, the model is applied to South Africa and analyzes the macroeconomic impact of the gold price increase in the 1970s. Political pressure for rapid domestic spending after a surge in resource rents tends to generate myopic government behavior with unsustainable high consumption spending. Such fiscal response to higher resource income is captured by the model specification. Numerical simulations show how the resource boom can help explain the structural change and real exchange rate path observed in South Africa. Due to productivity effects the initial real appreciation is followed by gradual depreciation of the real exchange rate.
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2006)
Barriers to growth and skill-biased income distribution in South Africa
Conference lecture Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2005)
Resource boom, deindustrialization and productivity growth: A Ramsey analysis of Dutch disease dynamics in South Africa
Conference lecture Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2005)
Resource boom, deindustrialization and productivity growth: A Ramsey analysis of Dutch disease dynamics in South Africa
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2005)
Ramsey model of barriers to growth and skill-biased income distribution in South Africa
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2005)
Ramsey model of barriers to growth and skill-biased income distribution in South Africa
Report Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2005)
Productivity Growth in Backward Economies and the Role of Barriers to Technology Adoption
We offer a barrier model of growth with a broader understanding of the sources of productivity growth. Organizational change is suggested as an alternative to innovation and technology adoption. Domestic and international barriers (related to the level of human capital and the trade share) determine the timing and pace of technological catch-up, and as opposed to the catchingup hypothesis backward economies may get stuck in a poverty trap. Growth in lagging economies is not driven by adoption of foreign technology due to inappropriateness. The large technological distance forces the economy to rely more on own productivity improvements through organizational change. Trade liberalization in backward economies does not give the expected boost to productivity growth, because of low capability to take advantage of the frontier technology. Economies can escape the poverty trap by reducing trade barriers, but the benefits from an open economy is highest in middle-income economies, which have both the potential and capability to adopt foreign technology.
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2005)
Ramsey model of barriers to growth and skill-biased income distribution in South Africa
Report Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2005)
Ramsey model of barriers to growth and skill-biased income distribution in South Africa
Report Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2005)
Ramsey model of barriers to growth and skill-biased income distribution in South Africa
Conference lecture Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2005)
Resource boom, deindustrialization and productivity growth: A Ramsey analysis of Dutch disease dynamics in South Africa
Report Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2005)
Productivity Growth in Backward Economies and the Role of Barriers to Technology Adoption
Conference lecture Xinshen Diao, Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2004)
Learning by exporting and structural change: An intertemporal general equilibrium analysis of the growth process in Thailand
Conference lecture Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2004)
The allocation between innovation and imitation during growth
Lecture Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2004)
Utdanning og okonomisk vekst
Report Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2004)
The interaction between growth, openness and inequality: Intertemporal Ramsey growth model analysis of South Africa
South Africa offers an interesting case study of the effects of openness because of the experiences with international sanctions and active trade policy. Shifts in productivity growth and income distribution before, under and after sanctions indicate the importance of foreign trade. The economic adjustment mechanisms involved are investigated in an intertemporal Ramsey growth model with endogenous skill-bias in technology and separating between labor and household types. Openness in particular affects the balance between innovation and adoption in the productivity growth. Economic growth under sanctions has been slow, but with an increase in the relative wage of unskilled labor. The model allows for counterfactual analysis of no-sanctions and offers a calibrated tariff-equivalence measure of the sanction effect. Openness is shown to imply technology adoption with skill bias that improves growth, but worsen income distribution. Demand-side responses, shifts in the consumption pattern, strengthen the distributive effects. The tradeoff between foreign spillover driven productivity growth and income distribution obviously is a challenge for growth policy.
Conference lecture Xinshen Diao, Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2002)
Learning by exporting and productivity-investment interaction: An intertemporal general equilibrium analysis of the growth process in Thailand
While the discussion of Thailand and East Asian growth has been a controversy between capital accumulation and productivity stories, we analyze the general equilibrium interaction between productivity and investment in an intertemporal model. The model builds in endogenous productivity spillover effects influencing profitability and investment and produces long run growth effects of economic policy. To understand the growth process in Thailand, learning by exporting is assumed to be the main vehicle of international spillover and brings further productivity effects to the domestic economy. The dynamic simulations show how high economic growth is prolonged by multisector productivity and investment dynamics and structural shift from agriculture to exportables. The importance of trade liberalization is shown in a counterfactual analysis where protection holds back growth by serving as a barrier to productivity spillover.
Conference lecture Xinshen Diao, Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2002)
Learning by exporting and productivity-investment interaction: An intertemporal general equilibrium analysis of the growth process in Thailand
While the discussion of Thailand and East Asian growth has been a controversy between capital accumulation and productivity stories, we analyze the general equilibrium interaction between productivity and investment in an intertemporal model. The modelbuilds in endogenous productivity spillover effects influencing profitability and investment and produces long run growth effects of economic policy. To understand the growth process in Thailand, learning by exporting is assumed to be the main vehicle of international spillover and brings further productivity effects to the domestic economy. The dynamic simulations show how high economic growth is prolonged by multisector productivity and investment dynamics and structural shift from agriculture to exportables. The importance of trade liberalization is shown in a counterfactual analysis where protection holds back growth by serving as a barrier to productivity spillover.
Lecture Xinshen Diao, Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2002)
Learning by exporting and productivity-investment interaction: An intertemporal general equilibrium analysis of the growth process in Thailand
While the discussion of Thailand and East Asian growth has been a controversy between capital accumulation and productivity stories, we analyze the general equilibrium interaction between productivity and investment in an intertemporal model. The model builds in endogenous productivity spillover effects influencing profitability and investment and produces long run growth effects of economic policy. To understand the growth process in Thailand, learning by exporting is assumed to be the main vehicle of international spillover and brings further productivity effects to the domestic economy. The dynamic simulations show how high economic growth is prolonged by multisector productivity and investment dynamics and structural shift from agriculture to exportables. The importance of trade liberalization is shown in a counterfactual analysis where protection holds back growth by serving as a barrier to productivity spillover.
Conference lecture Xinshen Diao, Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2002)
International spillovers, productivity growth and openness in Thailand: An intertemporal general equilibrium analysis
Thailand has experienced economic growth well above world averages for about 40 years. It is a challenge to understand the sources of this high growth path, and in particular why growth has not slowed down with assumed decreasing returns to capital. We develop an intertemporal general equilbrium model separating between agriculture and industry, and with open capital market and endogenous productivity growth to analyze the underlying adjustment mechanisms. Foreign technology spillover embodied in trade is assumed to be the driving force of the productivity growth, consistent with available econometric evidence. The high growth experience is understood as a transition path with interaction between productivity growth, openness and capital investment. Counterfactual analysis shows how protection may have had serious detrimental effect on growth rate due to productivity and investment slowdown. The role of relative prices in constraining growth is investigated, inspired by the Acemoglu-Ventura hypothesis of growth slowdown due to terms of trade effect. In our setting, low elasticity between domestic and exports goods in supply leads to large relative price shifts for domestic goods, but promotes investment and growth during transition.
Conference lecture Xinshen Diao, Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2002)
International spillovers, productivity growth and openness in Thailand: An intertemporal general equilibrium analysis
Thailand has experienced economic growth well above world averages for about 40 years. It is a challenge to understand the sources of this high growth path, and in particular why growth has not slowed down with assumed decreasing returns to capital. We develop an intertemporal general equilbrium model separating between agriculture and industry, and with open capital market and endogenous productivity growth to analyze the underlying adjustment mechanisms. Foreign technology spillover embodied in trade is assumed to be the driving force of the productivity growth, consistent with available econometric evidence. The high growth experience is understood as a transition path with interaction between productivity growth, openness and capital investment. Counterfactual analysis shows how protection may have had serious detrimental effect on growth rate due to productivity and investment slowdown. The role of relative prices in constraining growth is investigated, inspired by the Acemoglu-Ventura hypothesis of growth slowdown due to terms of trade effect. In our setting, low elasticity between domestic and exports goods in supply leads to large relative price shifts for domestic goods, but promotes investment and growth during transition.
Conference lecture Xinshen Diao, Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2002)
International spillovers, productivity growth and openness in Thailand: An intertemporal general equilibrium analysis
Thailand has experienced economic growth well above world averages for about 40 years. It is a challenge to understand the sources of this high growth path, and in particular why growth has not slowed down with assumed decreasing returns to capital. We develop an intertemporal general equilbrium model separating between agriculture and industry, and with open capital market and endogenous productivity growth to analyze the underlying adjustment mechanisms. Foreign technology spillover embodied in trade is assumed to be the driving force of the productivity growth, consistent with available econometric evidence. The high growth experience is understood as a transition path with interaction between productivity growth, openness and capital investment. Counterfactual analysis shows how protection may have had serious detrimental effect on growth rate due to productivity and investment slowdown. The role of relative prices in constraining growth is investigated, inspired by the Acemoglu-Ventura hypothesis of growth slowdown due to terms of trade effect. In our setting, low elasticity between domestic and exports goods in supply leads to large relative price shifts for domestic goods, but promotes investment and growth during transition.
Conference lecture Xinshen Diao, Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2002)
International spillovers, productivity growth and openness in Thailand: An intertemporal general equilibrium analysis
Thailand has experienced economic growth well above world averages for about 40 years. It is a challenge to understand the sources of this high growth path, and in particular why growth has not slowed down with assumed decreasing returns to capital. We develop an intertemporal general equilbrium model separating between agriculture and industry, and with open capital market and endogenous productivity growth to analyze the underlying adjustment mechanisms. Foreign technology spillover embodied in trade is assumed to be the driving force of the productivity growth, consistent with available econometric evidence. The high growth experience is understood as a transition path with interaction between productivity growth, openness and capital investment. Counterfactual analysis shows how protection may have had serious detrimental effect on growth rate due to productivity and investment slowdown. The role of relative prices in constraining growth is investigated, inspired by the Acemoglu-Ventura hypothesis of growth slowdown due to terms of trade effect. In our setting, low elasticity between domestic and exports goods in supply leads to large relative price shifts for domestic goods, but promotes investment and growth during transition.
Report Xinshen Diao, Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2002)
International spillovers, productivity growth and openness in Thailand: An intertemporal general equilibrium analysis
Thailand has experienced economic growth well above world averages for about 40 years. It is a challenge to understand the sources of this high growth path, and in particular why growth has not slowed down with assumed decreasing returns to capital. Wedevelop an intertemporal general equilbrium model separating between agriculture and industry, and with open capital market and endogenous productivity growth to analyze the underlying adjustment mechanisms. Foreign technology spillover embodied in trade is assumed to be the driving force of the productivity growth, consistent with available econometric evidence. The high growth experience is understood as a transition path with interaction between productivity growth, openness and capital investment.Counterfactual analysis shows how protection may have had serious detrimental effect on growth rate due to productivity and investment slowdown. The role of relative prices in constraining growth is investigated, inspired by the Acemoglu-Ventura hypothesis of growth slowdown due to terms of trade effect. In our setting, low elasticity between domestic and exports goods in supply leads to large relative price shifts for domestic goods, but promotes investment and growth during transition.
Report Xinshen Diao, Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2002)
Learning by exporting and productivity-investment interaction: An intertemporal general equilibrium analysis of the growth process in Thailand
While the discussion of Thailand and East Asian growth has been a controversy between capital accumulation and productivity stories, we analyze the general equilibrium interaction between productivity and investment in an intertemporal model. The model builds in endogenous productivity spillover effects influencing profitability and investment and produces long run growth effects of economic policy. To understand the growth process in Thailand, learning by exporting is assumed to be the main vehicle of international spillover and brings further productivity effects to the domestic economy. The dynamic simulations show how high economic growth is prolonged by multisector productivity and investment dynamics and structural shift from agriculture to exportables. The importance of trade liberalization is shown in a counterfactual analysis where protection holds back growth by serving as a barrier to productivity spillover.
Conference lecture Xinshen Diao, Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2001)
International spillovers, productivity growth and openness in Thailand: An intertemporal general equilibrium analysis
Thailand has experienced economic growth well above world averages for about 40 years. It is a challenge to understand the sources of this high growth path, and in particular why growth has not slowed down with assumed decreasing returns to capital. We develop an intertemporal general equilbrium model separating between agriculture and industry, and with open capital market and endogenous productivity growth to analyze the underlying adjustment mechanisms. Foreign technology spillover embodied in trade is assumed to be the driving force of the productivity growth, consistent with available econometric evidence. The high growth experience is understood as a transition path with interaction between productivity growth, openness and capital investment. Counterfactual analysis shows how protection may have had serious detrimental effect on growth rate due to productivity and investment slowdown. The role of relative prices in constraining growth is investigated, inspired by the Acemoglu-Ventura hypothesis of growth slowdown due to terms of trade effect. In our setting, low elasticity between domestic and exports goods in supply leads to large relative price shifts for domestic goods, but promotes investment and growth during transition.
Conference lecture Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2001)
Learning by doing, domestic and foreign technology spillovers in Thailand: Empirical evidence on productivity dynamics
The importance of total factor productivity for economic growth is now widely accepted. In this study we investigate the productivity growth process in Thailand, which has experienced an annual average growth of remarkable 6.6% during the period 1950 – 2000. It is our understanding that TFP growth in Thailand mainly have been driven by learning and imitation, while investment in own research and development has played a minor role. We offer an econometric analysis of agriculture-industry interaction for the period 1982 – 94 to investigate the role of learning by doing, intersectoral spillovers and foreign spillovers. Mainly short-run effects are identified, and in particular international spillovers are found to be important. Interestingly the magnitude of the foreign spillover effect is relatively equal across sectors, and hence both agriculture and industry have been able to take benefit of the open economy.
Working paper Jørn Rattsø, Hildegunn Ekroll Stokke (2001)
Learning by doing, domestic and foreign technology spillovers in Thailand: Empirical evidence on productivity dynamics
The importance of total factor productivity for economic growth is now widely accepted. In this study we investigate the productivity growth process in Thailand, which has experienced an annual average growth of remarkable 6.6% during the period 1950 – 2000. It is our understanding that TFP growth in Thailand mainly have been driven by learning and imitation, while investment in own research and development has played a minor role. We offer an econometric analysis of agriculture-industry interaction for the period 1982 – 94 to investigate the role of learning by doing, intersectoral spillovers and foreign spillovers. Mainly short-run effects are identified, and in particular international spillovers are found to be important. Interestingly the magnitude of the foreign spillover effect is relatively equal across sectors, and hence both agriculture and industry have been able to take benefit of the open economy.
| Year | Academic Department | Degree |
|---|---|---|
| 1900 | NA | Other |