Harald Øverby is the Special Advisor for AI & Technology at BI Norwegian Business School. In the period 2022–2024, he was the Provost with responsibilities for Research, Learning, and Impact. Prior to joining BI in 2022, Øverby was employed at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) for over 20 years. His academic interests include digital economics, Internet law and regulations, communication technology, Internet architectures, and cybersecurity. He holds a MSc in Computer Science, PhD in Optical Networking, and BSc in Economics, all from NTNU. He has also studied Law at the University of Oslo. Øverby has published over 100 academic papers, including two textbooks on Digital Economics. He has taught and developed university courses for more than 20 years and been a part of study program development for both Norwegian and international study programs. He has conducted several international stays at e.g., Eurecom (France), Chalmers (Sweden), and CityU (Hong Kong).
Publikasjoner
Lønsethagen, Håkon; Lange, Stanislav, Zinner, Thomas, Øverby, Harald, Contreras, Luis M., Ciulli, Nicola & Dotaro, Emmanuel (2023)
Toward Smart Public Interconnected Networks and Services — Approaching the Stumbling Blocks
The visions of 5G and Beyond (B5G) imply unprecedented expectations toward high-performing connectivity services in both public and private networks. Connectivity services that offer performance guarantees along multiple Quality of Service (QoS) dimensions are partially available today, but are confined to (virtual) private network services. However, open and equal access to public and Internet-scale Specialized Connectivity Services (SCS) delivered on-demand does not exist. This is especially true for interconnections across networks and support for mixed traffic modes that go beyond traditional best-effort. In this article, we argue that this is a huge industrial and societal problem that needs a solution. However, this problem is highly complex and multi-faceted, and there are many reasons why we are essentially locked into the status quo. We identify the stumbling blocks and propose a set of solution elements to take us across these hurdles, alongside related research topics. This includes an approach to “Multi-Level Best-Effort (MLBE)” and suggestions for evolving net neutrality regulation. Models and simulations show how a mixed traffic mode approach provides anticipated benefits, and we provide arguments why the context brought by B5G will put us into conditions for change, allowing public SCS eventually at a global scale.
Øverby, Harald; Audestad, Jan Arild & Szalkowski, Gabriel (2022)
Compartmental market models in the digital economy—extension of the Bass model to complex economic systems
Compartmental models are widely used in epidemiology, engineering, and physics to describe the temporal behavior of complex systems. This paper presents how compartmental models may be applied to the digital economy—more specifically, how the Bass model can be extended to more complex economics systems such as markets with customer churning, competition, multisided platforms, and online games. It is demonstrated that it is straightforward to establish the equations describing the various economic systems under study, however, the equations are often too complex to be solved analytically in the general case. Though the paper presents simple and idealized cases, the solutions may, nevertheless, uncover important strategic aspects that otherwise may be hidden by complexity in the general case, for example, the reasons for slow initial market growth. The paper also discusses how the developed models may be used to evaluate digital economic market evolution and business policy.
Kianpour, Mazaher; Kowalski, Stewart James & Øverby, Harald (2022)
Advancing the concept of cybersecurity as a public good
The multisided platform (MSP) is an essential business construct in the digital economy. Some of the largest companies in the world—including Google, Amazon, and eBay—exploit the MSP in their business models. Fundamental insights into the MSP are crucial to understand the business operations of the digital economy and how new innovative digital services are adopted in the market. The MSP ecosystem is complex and dynamic, and involves heterogeneous stakeholders with different business motivations. This paper classifies the various types of MSPs, distinguished by the network effect between user groups. Moreover, this paper shows how the original diffusion model of Frank Bass can be extended to analyze the temporal evolution of multisided platforms. Analytical models using coupled sets of ordinary differential equations are developed for several examples of two-sided platforms. For some of these examples, analytical solutions are found.
Kianpour, Mazaher; Kowalski, Stewart James & Øverby, Harald (2021)
Multi-paradigmatic approaches in cybersecurity economics
Biczok, Gergely; Chen, Yanling, Kralevska, Katina & Øverby, Harald (2016)
Combining forward error correction and network coding in bufferless networks: A case study for optical packet switching
IEEE International Conference on High Performance Switching and Routing, HPSR, s. 61- 68. Doi: 10.1109/HPSR.2016.7525640
Kralevska, Katina; Gligoroski, Danilo & Øverby, Harald (2016)
Balanced locally repairable codes
Gesbert, David (red.). 2016 9th International Symposium on Turbo Codes and Iterative Information Processing (ISTC)
We introduce a family of balanced locally repairable codes (BLRCs) [n, k, d] for arbitrary values of n, k and d. Similar to other locally repairable codes (LRCs), the presented codes are suitable for applications that require a low repair locality. The novelty that we introduce in our construction is that we relax the strict requirement the repair locality to be a fixed small number I, and we allow the repair locality to be either I or I + 1. This gives us the flexibility to construct BLRCs for arbitrary values of n and k which partially solves the open problem of finding a general construction of LRCs. Additionally, the relaxed locality criteria gives us an opportunity to search for BLRCs that have a low repair locality even when double failures occur. We use metrics such as a storage overhead, an average repair bandwidth, a Mean Time To Data Loss (MTTDL) and an update complexity to compare the performance of BLRCs with existing LRCs.
Mitrpanont, Jarernsri L.; Ismail, Abdul Samad Haji, Øverby, Harald & Kaneko, Keiichi (2016)
2016 Fifth ICT International Student Project Conference (ICT-ISPC 2016)
IEEE.
Li, Shuo; Wang, Meiqian, Wong, Eric W M, Øverby, Harald & Zukerman, Moshe (2016)
Evaluation of Burst/Packet Loss Ratio in a Bufferless OBS/OPS Network with 1 + X Path Protection
Kralevska, Katina; Øverby, Harald & Gligoroski, Danilo (2014)
Joint Balanced Source and Network Coding
Paunovic, Djordje (red.). 2014 22nd Telecommunications Forum (TELFOR)
We introduce a method that combines joint balanced source and network coding in optical packet-switched networks. It is an efficient way to combat packet loss that occurs due to contentions, to recover lost data due to link failures and to provide secure data transmission, i.e., secrecy. By using binary erasure codes and adding redundancy the destination is able to decode the source data when packet loss occurs. Coding at the intermediate node offers protection against single link failure. An eavesdropper cannot reconstruct the source data by eavesdropping a single link, since non-systematic coded packets are sent on disjoint paths.We also show that the proposed method has linear coding complexity, small header overhead and it does not require sending a feedback for each packet.
Kralevska, Katina; Hadzi-Velkov, Zoran & Øverby, Harald (2014)
Asymptotic Performance of Bidirectional Dual-Hop Amplify-and-Forward Systems
Savi, Michele; Stol, Norvald, Øverby, Harald & Raffaelli, Carla (2012)
Contention Resolution Using Parametric Wavelength Converters: Performance and Cost Analysis
N, N (red.). 2012 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference -GLOBECOM 2012
Yang, Shuna; Stol, Norvald & Øverby, Harald (2012)
Performance Modelling of Asynchronous Bufferless Optical Packet Switches with Limited Range Wavelength Converters
Masip-Bruin, Xavier; Marin-Tordera, Eva, Jukan, Admela, Faulkner, Dave, Spälter, Stefan & Munoz, Raul (red.). Proceedings 17th European Conference on network and Optical Communication, June 20-22, 2012, Catalonia Spain
Savi, Michele; Stol, Norvald, Øverby, Harald & Raffaelli, Carla (2012)
Loss, Complexity and Cost Analysis of an Optical Switching Fabric Using Fixed Converters
IEEE, Proceedings (red.). 16th International Conference on Optical Network Design and Modeling (ONDM), 2012
Panggabean, Mauritz; Rønningen, Leif Arne & Øverby, Harald (2012)
Modeling and simulating motions of human bodies in a futuristic distributed tele-immersive collaboration system for synthesizing transient input traffic
Dependability differentiation in Optical Packet Switched Networks
Marciniak, Marian (red.). Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Transparent Optical networks (ICTON) in Barcelona, Vol. 1
Arnemo, Jon Martin; Heim, Morten, Øen, Egil Ole, Berntsen, Finn, Kvale, Bjarne, Os, Øystein & Øverby, Harald (2004)
Dødelighet ved medikamentell immobilisering av elg i Norge 1976-2004 CHEMICAL IMMOBILIZATION OF FREE-RANGING MOOSE IN NORWAY 1976-2004
Norsk veterinærtidsskrift, 116(7), s. 531- 535.
I perioden 1976-2000 ble det utført i alt 1898 medikamentelle immobiliseringer av viltlevende elg i Norge. Tretten dyr(0,7 ? døde eller måtte avlives i tilslutning til innfangingen. Anbefalt metode for immobilisering av viltlevende elg i Norge er administrasjon av etorfin ved hjelp av injeksjonsvåpenfra helikopter på snødekt mark. Risikoen for mortalitet ved denne metoden er meget liten: kun åtte dyr (0,5 ? døde av i alt 1526 immobiliseringer foretatt fra 1984 til 2004. Dødsårsaker var drukning (én voksen ku og én voksen okse), respirasjonsstans etter intravaskulær injeksjon (én voksen ku), skade iryggmargen forårsaket av injeksjonspilen (én avmagret kalv med beinskjørhet og parasittær lungebetennelse) og respirasjonsstans forårsaket av en relativ overdosering (fire kalver i dårlig kondisjon). Standard dose for etorfin er 7,50 ? 9,00mg/voksen og 3,75 ?4,50 mg/kalv. Dyr som ikke har lagt seg innenti minutter etter første injeksjon, kan påskytes på nyttmed full dose. A total of 1,898 chemical immobilizations of free-rangingmoose (Alces alces) were carried out in Norway from 1976 to 2004. Thirteen animals (0.7 ? died or were euthanized. The recommended method for immobilization of free-ranging moose inNorway is darting from a helicopter with etorphine on snow-covered ground. The risk of mortality with this method is verylow, only eight animals (0.5 ? died during 1,526 captures from 1984 to 2004. Causes of mortality were drowning in one adult female and one adult male, respiratory arrest due to intravascular injection in an adult female, traumatic spinal lesions due to dart impact in the lumbar region in a cachectic calf with osteoporosis and verminous pneumonia, and respiratoryarrest due to relative overdosing in four calves in poor body condition. The standard doses of etorphine are 7.5-9.0 mg/animal in adults and 3.75-4.50 mg/animal in calves. Animals which are not down within ten minutes after initial darting canbe redarted with a full dose.
Øverby, Harald & Stol, Norvald (2004)
Effects of bursty traffic in service differentiated Optical Packet Switched networks
Service differentiation is a crucial issue in the next-generation Optical Packet Switched networks. In this paper we examine how bursty traffic influences the performance of a service differentiated Optical Packet Switched network. By using time-continuous Markov chains, we derive explicit results for the packet loss rates in the case of a bursty hyper-exponential arrival process. Results indicate that the performance is degraded as the burstiness of the arrival process increases.
Øverby, Harald & Stol, Norvald (2004)
Effects of the switching time in OPS/OBS networks
Chinese Optics Letters (COL), 2(3), s. 131- 134.
In this paper we present an analytical model, which considers the effects of the switching time on the network performance in service differentiated Optical Packet/Burst Switched networks (OPS/OBS). Our results indicate that the switching time must be less than 10 % of the packet/burst duration in order to avoid any significant reductions in the network performance. Furthermore, regarding a network with full wavelength conversion, we show that the benefits of statistical resource sharing are almost non-existent for low priority traffic when the switching time is large.
Øverby, Harald & Stol, Norvald (2004)
Quality of Service in Asynchronous Bufferless Optical Packet Switched Networks
Telecommunications Systems, 27(2-4), s. 151- 179.
Optical Packet Switching (OPS) is a promising technology for future core networks due to the ability to handle bursty traffic, adaptability to changes in the network infrastructure and good network utilization. In order to provide sufficient Quality of Service (QoS) to the emerging range of real-time and critical business applications, service differentiation should be present in future OPS. This paper presents the Preemptive Drop Policy (PDP), which provides service differentiation in asynchronous bufferless OPS. Based on time-continuous Markov chains, we introduce an analytical model of the PDP for switches with and without wavelength conversion. We extend the PDP into the Adaptive PDP (APDP), which provides absolute QoS guarantees in OPS. Simulations performed validate our analytical model and show that the APDP operates properly in a dynamic changing system load scenario.
Øverby, Harald (2004)
Network layer packet redundancy in optical packet switched networks
A crucial issue in optical packet switched (OPS) networks is packet losses at the network layer caused by contentions. This paper presents the network layer packet redundancy scheme (NLPRS), which is a novel approach to reduce the end-to-end data packet loss rate in OPS networks. By introducing redundancy packets in the OPS network, the NLPRS enables a possible reconstruction of data packets that are lost due to contentions. An analytical model of the NLPRS based on reduced load Erlang fix-point analysis is presented. Simulations of an OPS ring network show that the NLPRS is in particular efficient in small networks operating at low system loads. Results also show how the arrival process, packet length distribution, network size and redundancy packet scheduling mechanism influence the NLPRS performance.
Nord, Martin; Øverby, Harald & Stol, Norvald (2004)
Packet Loss Rate- and Jitter Differentiating QoS Schemes for Asynchronous Optical Packet Switches
Journal of Optical Networking, 3(12)
Øien, Geir Egil; Breivik, Morten, Hergum, Ragnar, Ildstad, Erling, Jaccheri, Maria Letizia, Rønquist, Einar & Øverby, Harald (1)
Teknisk kybernetikk og elkraftteknikk må organiseres sammen med resten av NTNUs IKT- og elektrofag
Universitetsavisa [Kronikk]
Øverby, Harald & Audestad, Jan Arild (2021)
Introduction to Digital Economics: Foundations, Business Models and Case Studies
[Textbook]. Springer.
Øverby, Harald (2018)
Network Effects in Facebook
[Academic lecture]. International Conference on E-commerce, E-Business and E-Government.
Øverby, Harald & Audestad, Jan Arild (2018)
Digital Economics
[Textbook]. CreateSpace Independent Publishing.
Idland, Elisabeth; Øverby, Harald & Jan Arild, audestad (2015)
Economic Markets for Video Streaming Services: A Case Study of NetFlix and Popcorn Time
[Academic lecture]. Norsk Informatikk Konferanse.
Yang, Shuna; Stol, Norvald & Øverby, Harald (2013)
a novel approach in modeling multi-service optical packet switched networks with the preemptive drop policy
[Academic lecture]. ieee conference on optical networking design and modeling.
Yang, Shuna; Stol, Norvald & Øverby, Harald (2012)
Performance Modeling of Asynchronous Bufferless Optical Packet Switches with Limited Range Wavelength Converters
[Academic lecture]. 17th European Conference on Network and Optical Communications (NOC 2012).
Savi, Michele; Stol, Norvald, Øverby, Harald & Raffaelli, Carla (2012)
Contention Resolution Using Parametric Wavelength Converters: Performance and Cost Analysis
[Academic lecture]. Globecom 2012.
Savi, Michele; Stol, Norvald, Øverby, Harald & Raffaelli, Carla (2012)
Loss, Complexity and Cost Analysis of an Optical Switching Fabric Using Fixed Converters
[Academic lecture]. ONDM 2012.
Øverby, Harald (2012)
Cost Comparison of 1+1 Path Protection Schemes: A Case for Coding
[Academic lecture]. ICC 2012.
Øverby, Harald; Biczok, Gergely & Audestad, Jan Arild (2012)
Modeling Dynamic ICT Services Markets
[Academic lecture]. World Telecommunication Congress (WTC 2012).
Biczok, Gergely & Øverby, Harald (2011)
Combating Packet Loss in OPS networks: A Case for Network Coding
[Academic lecture]. Norsk Informatikkonferanse (NIK 2011).
Øverby, Harald (2011)
Interconnecting Two Intra-Domain Wavelength Routed Optical Networks Using an Optical Packet Switch
[Academic lecture]. 13th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks.
Øverby, Harald (2009)
Reduced load Engset fix point analysis for optical burst switched networks
[Academic lecture]. the International conference on photonics and switching 2009.
Øverby, Harald (2009)
Analysis of a bufferless OpMiGua Node
[Academic lecture]. 5th Advanced International Conference on Telecommunications.
Øverby, Harald (2009)
Packet Loss Differentiation using Network Layer Packet Redundancy in Optical Packet/Burst Switched Networks
[Academic lecture]. IEEE GLobecom 2009.
Kimsas, Andreas; Bjørnstad, Steinar, Øverby, Harald & Stol, Norvald (2007)
Reservation Techniques in an OpMiGua node
[Academic lecture]. Optical Network Design and Modeling.
Dependability differentiation in Optical Packet Switched Networks
[Academic lecture]. 7th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks.
Bjørnstad, Steinar & Øverby, Harald (2005)
Quality of service differentiation in optical packet/burst switching: A performance and reliability perspective
[Academic lecture]. 7th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks.
Øverby, Harald (2005)
Fairness in Optical Packet Switched Metro Networks
[Academic lecture]. 7th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks.
Øverby, Harald (2004)
Optical Packet Switched Metro Networks
[Academic lecture]. Norwegian Network Research Seminar.
Undheim, Astrid; Øverby, Harald & Stol, Norvald (2004)
Absolute QoS in Synchronous Optical Packet Switched Networks
[Academic lecture]. Norsk Informatikk Konferanse.
Moseng, Tor K.; Øverby, Harald & Stol, Norvald (2004)
Merit Based Scheduling in Asynchronous Bufferless Optical Packet Switched Networks
[Academic lecture]. Norsk Informatikkonferanse.
Øverby, Harald & Stol, Norvald (2004)
Exploiting network layer packet redundancy to reduce the end-to-end data packet loss rate in optical packet/burst switched networks
[Academic lecture]. Nordic Teletraffic Seminar.
Øverby, Harald (2004)
QoS in slotted bufferless optical packet switched networks
[Academic lecture]. 6th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON).
Øverby, Harald (2004)
Performance modelling of synchronous bufferless OPS networks
[Academic lecture]. 6th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON).
Øverby, Harald & Stol, Norvald (2004)
Evaluating and Comparing Two Different Service Differentiation Methods for OPS: The Wavelength Allocation algorithm and The Preemptive Drop Policy
[Academic lecture]. 3rd International Conference on Networking (ICN).
Øverby, Harald & Stol, Norvald (2004)
Providing QoS in OPS/OBS networks with the Preemptive Drop Policy
[Academic lecture]. 3rd International Conference on Networking (ICN).
Øverby, Harald (2003)
A Study on Service Differentiation in Bufferless Optical Packet/Burst Switched Networks
[Academic lecture]. Norsk Informatikk Konferanse.
Øverby, Harald & Stol, Norvald (2003)
A Teletraffic Model of Service Differentiation with Electronic Buffering in Optical Packet Switched Networks
[Academic lecture]. Conference on the Optical Internet & Astralian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology (COIN/ACOFT).
We present a teletraffic model of service differentiation in Optical Packet Switched networks. Electronic buffering is applied in order to reduce packet loss rate for low priority traffic. Analytical expressions and simulation results are reported.
Øverby, Harald & Stol, Norvald (2003)
A Teletraffic Model for Service Differentiation in OPS Networks
[Academic lecture]. 8th Optoelectronic and Communications Conference (OECC).
This paper presents a formal teletraffic model for service differentiation in optical packet switched networks by utilizing the wavelength domain. Expressions for the time congestion are derived. Simulation results are also reported.
Øverby, Harald (2003)
An adaptive service differentiation algorithm for optical packet switched networks
[Academic lecture]. International Conference on Tranparent Optical Networks.
This paper presents a novel adaptive service differentiation algorithm for Optical Packet Switched (OPS) networks. Previous research has aimed at presenting algorithms that achieves service differentiation in OPS networks by utilizing the wavelength domain. However, simulations show that these algorithms result inn fluctuating packet loss rate as the system load is varied. The adaptive algorithm proposed here measures the packet loss rate for high priority traffic over a time interval and adjusts the number of wavelength converters reserved for high priority traffic accordingly in order to achieve a constant packet loss rate. However, due to the self-similarity of the Internet traffic, special considerations must be taken into account in order to avoid oscillations in the number of wavelength converters reserved for high priority traffic.
