Institutt for regnskap, revisjon og foretaks­økonomi

Publikasjoner

• Bleibtreu, Christopher; Erinc, Mert, Orozco, Luciana & Shi, Zhenyang (2025)
  Auditors and client investment efficiency: a quasi-replication and further insights from a regulatory change

  Journal of Business Economics (JBE), 95, s. 257-294. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11573-024-01198-4 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This study is a quasi-replication and extension of Bae et al. (Account Rev 92(2):19– 40, 2017), which examines the relationship between auditors’ characteristics and their audit clients’ investment efficiency. Whereas Bae et al. (Account Rev 92(2):19–40, 2017) use U.S. public firm data, we draw a more general picture by using both public and private firm data from Norway. Overall, the results for Norwegian public and private firms are in line with those Bae et al. (Account Rev 92(2):19–40, 2017) find for public U.S. firms. That is, audit clients invest more efficiently if their auditors have more knowledge and resources, measured by auditor market shares or whether a Big N audit firm performs the audit. Further, an auditor’s influence on its client’s investment efficiency is more pronounced when clients have a higher demand for information, proxied by client complexity. Finally, exploiting a regulatory change in 2011 that allowed small private Norwegian firms to opt out of previously mandatory auditing, we extend the study by Bae et al. (Account Rev 92(2):19–40, 2017). We find that audits can increase investment efficiency for small private firms. Specifically, firms that dismiss their auditors tend to overinvest more than similar firms that are not eligible to opt out of auditing. Further, firms that voluntarily keep their auditor have an overall higher investment efficiency than similar firms that are not audited.

• Khalilov, Akram (2025)
  Informational and cushioning properties of conservative balance sheets: a study of crises resilience

  Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11156-025-01395-4 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This study examines the informational and cushioning properties of balance sheet conservatism (BSC) and their role in mitigating the adverse effects of financial crises. I document that, due to informational property, high-BSC firms raise more debt and have a lower cost of debt financing during the crisis. The cushioning property of BSC is associated with lower earnings volatility, likelihood of significant asset write-downs and probability of covenant violations. These properties contribute to superior performance, including smaller declines in stock prices, investment, employment, and productivity. An out-of-sample test using the setting of the Great Depression (1929–1933) confirms the aforementioned findings. Overall, a path analysis suggests that BSC effects operate mostly through cushioning (informational) property contributing 39% (11%) to overall firms’ performance during the crisis.

• Landrø, Karsten & Knardal, Per Ståle (2025)
  Foreldremedvirkning i kulturskolen. Samproduksjon i praksis

  Journal for Research in Arts and Sports Education, 9(1) , s. 22-42. Doi: https://doi.org/10.23865/jased.v9.6884

• Bø, Eirill & Flygansvær, Bente Merete (2025)
  A triple-bottom-line evaluation of municipal solid waste collection

  Sustainable Futures, 10 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2025.100914 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) collection systems can contribute to a sustainable society by transforming waste to valuable resources. However, if not properly designed, the MSW collection systems can become a liability in terms of high cost, high emissions and reduced service. There is still a lack of knowledge on how MSW collection system designs trade off the elements in the triple bottom line. The purpose of this study is to contribute to such understanding. A service-mix framework is proposed, demonstrating trade-offs among the decision areas of bin types, vehicle types, pick-up frequency, delivery distance, co-collection, and sorting in MSW collection systems. The triple bottom line performance is evaluated on cost, service, and emission levels. Two MSW collection systems are analysed and compared, using an Excel-based spreadsheet model. The findings show a potential to improve sustainability in MSW collection systems by trading off service-mix components. Specifically, the findings show that if five households share bins (accept reduced convenience, and the data indicate that they do) the reduction potential is 46 % for cost and 27 % for the CO2 emissions. Similarly, reducing the pick-up frequency service reduces cost and CO2 emissions. Finally, a sensitivity analysis of fill rates shows that using dual chamber trucks gives a high risk of increased cost and CO2 emissions, due to the difficulty of matching waste volumes and chamber sizes. Thus, the paper demonstrates that significant reduction of cost and emission levels are possible without a significant sacrifice of service levels in MSW collection systems.

• Khalilov, Akram & Witter, Tobias (2025)
  Bridging the gap: A study of government suppliers' reporting practices

  Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2025.107353

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  Using 4 million procurement contracts valued at around $1 trillion, we examine the financial reporting quality of government suppliers. We document that government suppliers demonstrate higher-quality financial reporting than do firms without government contracts. This finding is partly attributable to improvements in firms' internal controls over financial reporting following contracting with the government. Additionally, we document that procurement contract clauses related to competitive procedures, government monitoring, and certification of internal information accuracy contribute to the quality of financial reporting. We address potential endogeneity concerns by studying changes in congressional committee leadership and performing difference-in-differences analyses around first- and last-time contract awards. Our findings highlight the role of government customers in enhancing the quality of mandatory disclosures and internal controls.

• Huemer, Lars & Flygansvær, Bente Merete (2025)
  Increasing circularity: The importance of resource interactions when adapting from waste management to resource management

  Industrial Marketing Management, 125, s. 118-130. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2024.12.010 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  The circular economy, which entails a fundamental transition from waste management to resource management, involves waste minimization and prolonged resource utility. Resources should arguably be managed in a manner reducing the likelihood that they turn into waste. Correspondingly, waste should be managed in a way increasing the likelihood that it becomes a useful resource. To achieve such ends, this research highlights the bundled nature of resources (including waste). The study is based on an abductive research process and it de-bundles the resource categories portrayed in the 4R model. The de-bundled framework is applied to a longitudinal case study focusing on a recycling company's participation in the circular economy. This application results in distinctions between endogenous and exogenous adaptation strategies. Endogenous adaptations involve an explicit bundle awareness and attention to interaction processes within 4R resource categories, exogenous adaptations include interaction processes between 4R categories. It is proposed that adaptations involving deliberate tradeoffs between endogenous and exogenous strategies may lead to more circular business models and sustainable resource management.

• Bø, Eirill & Baxter, John (2025)
  Sustainability of the Collection of Norwegian Household Waste

  Logistics, 9(1) Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics9010021

• Lara, Juan Manuel Garcia; Osma, Beatriz Garcia, Gazizova, Irina & Khalilov, Akram (2025)
  Demand-driven Corporate Social Responsibility: Symbolic versus Substantive Change after Environmental Disasters

  Journal of Corporate Finance, 94 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2025.102816

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  We examine disasters caused by individual firms with severe environmental impacts. These disasters trigger industry-wide demand for corporate social responsibility (CSR). We analyze whether affected firms respond by adopting substantive or symbolic CSR measures. We find that firms increase overall CSR performance through improvements in diversity and human rights rather than decreasing environmental concerns. This suggests firms prioritize symbolic CSR to legitimize their operations rather than substantive measures to mitigate environmental harm. We also document diverging costs and welfare effects. On average, substantive CSR actions are costlier and cause lower margins but avoid divestments by ESG-oriented funds while improving long-term credit ratings. Some of these benefits of substantive actions also accrue through symbolic actions at a lower cost.

• Hope, Ole-Kristian; Lu, Haihao & Peng, Songlan (2025)
  Economic Consequences of AS 18: Related-Party Transactions with Principals versus Nonprincipals

  Accounting Review, 100(1) , s. 317-351. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2308/TAR-2021-0846 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  In 2014, the PCAOB adopted a new auditing standard, AS 18 Related Parties, with the intention of enhancing auditors’ performance in auditing related-party transactions (RPTs). Using hand-collected data, we find significant reductions in both firms’ restatement risk and their engagement in RPTs following the AS 18 adoption. Such reductions are especially pronounced for smaller firms and firms having RPTs with principals, in which related persons in the counterparty of RPTs are the primary beneficiaries, such as CEOs, board chairs, or primary shareholders. We also find that smaller firms having RPTs with principals tend to pay higher audit fees post-AS 18. Our study responds to the PCAOB’s call to assess the economic consequences of AS 18. The findings suggest that AS 18 is associated with improved audit quality and reductions in auditees’ opportunistic RPT activities.

• Khalilov, Akram; Gazizova, Irina & Osma, Beatriz Garcia (2025)
  Directors' Bankruptcy Experience and Financial Reporting Choices

  Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 52(3) , s. 1631-1665. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jbfa.12859

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  We identify directors who experience a corporate bankruptcy and examine how this professional experience affects monitoring at the other firms where they concurrently sit on the board. Using a sample of US directors interlocked with firms that file for bankruptcy, we find that directors have a greater tolerance for real earnings management after a low-cost bankruptcy experience. This effect is stronger for independent directors and those who sit on the audit committee, consistent with a ratification and monitoring explanation. We do not find evidence consistent with the competing hypotheses that bankruptcy leads to directors' distraction or incentivizes efficient cost-cutting strategies. We contribute to the research on the influence of directors' corporate experience over corporate outcomes, by providing evidence suggesting that surviving a bankruptcy relatively unscathed lowers directors' perception of the severity of distress costs, with negative consequences for decision control.

• Seo, Jiwoo; Ding, Wenhong, Ke, Yun & Shi, Zhenyang (2025)
  How do investors perceive firms’ hiring of local CEOs? Evidence from the cost of equity capital

  The British Accounting Review, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2025.101694

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  According to Yonker (2017a), the U.S. executive labor market shows a striking “hiring home bias” in that firms are more likely to hire local CEOs (i.e., CEOs from their own states). We explore how investors perceive such hiring practices by examining whether they demand different costs of equity capital from firms led by local versus non-local CEOs. Our empirical evidence suggests that, on average, investors perceive hiring local CEOs positively by demanding lower costs of equity capital. The finding holds up to a battery of robustness tests. Cross-sectional tests show that the effect is more pronounced in firms that are more locally based, when firms potentially receive more local monitoring, when firms issue more earnings forecasts, and when firms have strong corporate governance. In addition, the level of social capital in the state where a firm is located attenuates the negative relation. Overall, we find evidence consistent with the notion that capital market participants price CEOs’ geographic characteristics and provide implications to the boards of directors on CEO-firm matches.

• Jahre, Marianne; Oorschot, Kimball Elizabeth van, Årdal, Christine Oline, Sverrisson, Eirik, Pettersen, Mikal S. & Wangen, Andreas (2025)
  Sustainable pharmaceutical procurement: Environmental tendering criteria for better or worse?

  Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, , s. 101081-101081. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pursup.2025.101081

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  The purpose of this study is to advance knowledge of the effects of using environmental criteria in the tendering and procurement of pharmaceuticals. In cooperation with the Norwegian Hospital Procurement Trust, we conducted a longitudinal case study of how environmental criteria in the tendering of generic antibiotics were implemented. This case is one of the first attempts to use environmental criteria in generic pharmaceuticals procurement. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected based on interviews, workshops, meetings and secondary sources, followed by iterative analysis, including a case narrative and causal loop diagramming. We found that rewarding environmental criteria fulfilment at the expense of price seems to have multiple effects. Firstly, higher prices increase public spending in the short-term but also help maintain the supply base, which can reduce shortages. Secondly, this increased focus gives more transparency into supplier risks. It is this latter unexpected effect of introducing environmental tendering criteria that makes the case and our analysis particularly interesting. Additionally, in the long term, interviewees expect that increased focus on environmental criteria for specific antibiotics will have the intended effect of reducing transmission of resistant bacteria through improving suppliers’ production processes. Our findings also suggest that increased focus on environmental criteria does not necessarily increase shortages of narrow-spectrum antibiotics, which could unintendedly increase transmission of resistant bacteria. Data from our case study suggest that these two effects are likely to have a positive influence on public health, thereby potentially reducing future healthcare costs.

• Oorschot, Kimball Elizabeth van; Dille, Therese & Söderlund, Jonas (2025)
  Averaging out divergent project behavior: an unintended consequence of project structures

  Cambridge Handbook of Project Behavior, , s. 99-114. Doi: https://www.cambridge.org/no/universitypress/subjects/management/strategic-management/cambridge-handbook-project-behavior?format=HB#contents

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  This chapter presents a longitudinal process study of an information systems project and suggests that a hierarchy of sub-projects that belong to the same overall project may trigger unfavorable project behavior. Our findings indicate that project managers run the risk of “balancing” divergent evaluations of sub-projects via an averaging rule, which in turn leads to an overestimation of the overall project performance and consequently negatively impacting project behavior. Based on our case-study findings, we develop a process model explaining the dynamic relationship between hierarchical project structures, managerial decisions, and project behavior. Interestingly, this research shows how hierarchical project structures may hinder rather than support complex task execution, a finding that could help explain the erroneous decision making often observed in troubled projects.

• Viana, Joe; Vasilakis, Christos & Stylianou, Neophytos (2025)
  Leveraging quality improvement initiatives to support development of decision support tools in healthcare

  Health Systems, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/20476965.2025.2500285 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Modelling and simulation studies have been used to inform the choices and development of quality improvement (QI) initiatives in health care, for example, by helping refine the intervention to be implemented or support decisions around the management of demand and capacity. We do not know whether a modelling study can itself be informed by a QI project and what are the associated benefits and challenges. In this research, we sought to investigate the opportunities and challenges associated with an ongoing health service-led QI project in informing the development of a stochastic simulation-based decision support tool to inform decisions around the commissioning of anticoagulation services for patients with atrial fibrillation. We found that the positive synergies offered by the QI project included good access to stakeholders and envisaged end users, co-producing relevant and impactful scenarios for experimentation, as well as access to good quality individual patient level data. On the other hand, substantial effort was required to populate input parameters with values that pertain to the natural history of the disease and the effectiveness of the different treatments. Our findings indicate that, if stakeholders require modelling results to inform aspects of a QI project, upfront investment is needed to ensure timely interaction between the two studies.

• Correia-Duarte, Pedro Josè; Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane, Huisman, Dennis, Mannino, Carlo, Sartor, Giorgio, Weik, Norman & Widmann, Philipp (2025)
  50 years of OR in railway timetabling and rolling stock planning

  EURO Journal on Transportation and Logistics, 14 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtl.2025.100155

• Brandt, Tabea; Klein, Tom Lorenz, Reuter-Oppermann, Melanie, Schäfer, Fabian, Thielen, Clemens, Vrugt, Maartje van de & Viana, Joe (2025)
  Integrated patient-to-room and nurse-to-patient assignment in hospital wards

  [Professional Article]. OR Spectrum: quantitative approaches in management, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00291-024-00800-z

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  Assigning patients to rooms and nurses to patients are critical tasks within hospitals that directly affect patient and staff satisfaction, quality of care, and hospital efficiency. Both patient-to-room assignments and nurse-to-patient assignments are typically agreed upon at the ward level, and they interact in several ways, such as jointly determining the walking distances nurses cover between different patient rooms. This provides the motivation to consider both problems jointly in an integrated fashion. This paper presents the first optimization models and algorithms for the integrated patient-to-room and nurse-to-patient assignment problem. We provide a mixed integer programming formulation of the integrated problem that considers the typical objectives from the single problems and additional objectives that can only be properly evaluated when integrating both problems. Moreover, motivated by the inherent complexity that results from integrating these two NP-hard and already computationally challenging problems, we devise an efficient heuristic for the integrated patient-to-room and nurse-to-patient assignment problem. We conduct extensive computational experiments on both artificial and real-world instances to evaluate the runtime and quality of the solution obtained with the heuristic. The artificial instances are generated by a parameterized instance generator for the integrated problem that is made freely available.

• Mustafee, Navonil; Harper, Alison, Viana, Joe & Monks, Thomas (2025)
  A Maturity Model for Digital Twins in Healthcare

  Winter simulation conference : proceedings, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/WSC63780.2024.10838785

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  Digital models, digital shadows, and digital twins (DTs) are increasingly used in manufacturing/Industry 4.0 to represent levels of integration between physical systems and their digital counterparts; data-flow mechanisms are the enablers of such integration. Healthcare operations management has also witnessed rising interest in hybrid models that use real-time data to increase situational awareness (SA) and enable short-term decision-making. In M&S literature, such models are referred to as Real-time Simulations (RtS) and DTs. Healthcare organizations can realize a heightened state of SA by transitioning from conventional modeling to RtS/DTs. The paper presents a Maturity Model for DTs to contextualize the increasing levels of healthcare Information Systems/Information Technology (IS/IT) integration with real-time models that such a shift will necessitate. The higher the Maturity Level of IS/IT integration, the greater the opportunity to develop modeling artifacts that realize the potential of real-time data and enable organizations to attain higher levels of SA.

• Jambor, Elisabeth; Viana, Joe, Reuter-Oppermann, Melanie & Müller-Polyzou, Ralf (2025)
  Evaluating the impact of COVID-19 protection measures and staff absence on radiotherapy practice: A simulation study

  PLOS ONE, 20(1) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0314190

• Melaku, Tsegaye; Mekonnen, Zeleke, Tucho, Gudina Terefe, Viana, Joe, Årdal, Christine Oline & Jahre, Marianne (2025)
  Resilience and Adaptability in Paracetamol Supply Chains: A Systems Perspective on COVID-19 Challenges and Responses in Ethiopia

  Logistics, 9(1) Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics9010015 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Background: The COVID-19 pandemic exposed vulnerabilities in global supply chains, including those for essential medicines like paracetamol. This study aimed to assess the resilience and adaptability of Ethiopia’s paracetamol supply chain during the pandemic. Methods: A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders and analysis of secondary data on paracetamol availability and supply chain disruptions. The study employed systems thinking and supply chain resilience frameworks, utilizing causal loop diagrams to visualize system dynamics. Results: Eighteen stakeholders, representing seven pharmaceutical manufacturers, five import companies, and five wholesalers, participated in the study. These participants had between three and fourteen years of experience in their respective roles. The study revealed complex interactions within the paracetamol supply chain, highlighting both challenges and adaptive responses. While 500 mg paracetamol tablets were readily available, shortages of other formulations were observed due to a range of factors, including limited product diversification, political instability, inflation, and reduced production efficiency. Conclusions: The resilience and adaptability of stakeholders, particularly manufacturers and importers, were crucial in maintaining the supply of 500 mg paracetamol tablets. Key strategies included regional sourcing, increased production, and improved partnerships. Understanding the interconnectedness of factors within the supply chain is essential for developing effective strategies to enhance its resilience and ensure sustained access to paracetamol in the future.

• Qiu, Kejun; Chen, Lu & Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane (2025)
  Robust optimization approach for the resource-constrained project scheduling problem with uncertain activity release times

  Computers & Operations Research, 184, s. 107215-107215. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2025.107215

• Charles, Mehdi; Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane, Kedad-Sidhoum, Safia & Mazhoud, Issam (2025)
  Parallelized decomposition approaches for capacitated lot-sizing problems: application to the problem with constraints on ending inventories

  International Journal of Production Research, , s. 21-21. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2025.2532140

• Knardal, Per Ståle (2024)
  Packing and unpacking management control in major sport events

  Research handbook on major sporting events, , s. 347-361. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800885653.00035

• Ruud, Flemming; Schreyer, Marco, Borth, Damian & Vasarhelyia, Miklas (2024)
  A Sum Greater Than Its Parts: Collaborative Artificial Intelligence in Auditing Advancing Audit Models through Federated Learning of Without Sharing Proprietary Data

  Expert Focus, 98(4) , s. 180-186.

• Rasmussen, Janicke; Knutsen, Jovana & Arnulf, Jan Ketil (2024)
  Styrer og bærekraft: Norske børsnoterte selskap møter forventninger med kontroll heller enn strategi

  Magma forskning og viten, 27(5) , s. 63-72. Doi: https://doi.org/10.23865/magma.v27.1458 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Formålet med artikkelen er å identifisere hvordan styrer oppfatter sin rolle for å møte bærekrafts-forventninger. Vi gjennomførte digitale tekstanalyser av ESG-rapporteringen til alle selskap ved Oslo børs som ble ESG-rangert av Refinitiv i perioden 2012–2022. Analysen gir en kvantitativ oversikt over hvordan selskapene har respondert på bærekraftsrelaterte forventninger, og hvordan styrer har organisert arbeidet for å møte forventningene i denne tiårsperioden. Vi finner at styrer i børsnoterte selskap responderer på endring i eksterne bærekrafts-forventninger gjennom økt fokus på kontrollrollen, men bare i liten grad ved å ta strategisk ansvar for utviklingen, som opprinnelig forventet. På bakgrunn av dette mener vi at dagens system for eierstyring og selskapsledelse i Norge (referert til som Corporate Governance-system i denne artikkel) ikke er optimalt for å nå politisk bestemte bærekraftsmål.

• Lyngstadås, Hakim & Hagen, Øivind (2024)
  Kvalitative metoder for handelshøyskoleutdanningen. Et tankesett for morgendagens ansatte og ledere.

  [Textbook]. Fagbokforlaget

• Knutsen, Jovana & Arnulf, Jan Ketil (2024)
  Styrer og bærekraft: Norske børsnoterte selskap møter forvetninger med kontroll heller enn strategi

  Magma forskning og viten, Doi: https://doi.org/10.23865/magma.v27.1458

• Orozco, Luciana & Rubio, Silvina (2024)
  Regulatory Capital Management to Exceed Thresholds

  Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jmcb.13230 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  We investigate whether a carrot approach, which provides benefits for regulatory compliance rather than penalties for noncompliance, incentivizes banks to reach capital levels above the minimum requirements. We document a significant discontinuity at the 10% regulatory capital threshold, where banks receive benefits for exceeding it. Banks exceed it to pay lower deposit insurance fees, access brokered deposits, and expanded financial activities. Banks often rely on equity to reach this threshold while using accounting discretion primarily when facing small capital shortfalls. Our findings suggest the carrot approach can effectively increase banks' capital positions. However, we find that using accounting discretion to exceed the threshold hurts bank stability.

• Zubielqui, Graciela Corral de & Steen, Riana (2024)
  The Impact of Adaptation on Performance Through Business Resilience in Times of Crisis

  Business Continuity Management and Resilience: Theories, Models, and Processes, , s. 78-109. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-1658-0.ch005

• Arnulf, Jan Ketil & Knutsen, Jovana (2024)
  Styrer og bærekraft: Norske børsnoterte selskap møter forventninger med kontroll heller enn strategi

  Magma forskning og viten, Doi: https://doi.org/10.23865/magma.v27.1458

• Steen, Riana & Hansen, Tommy B. (2024)
  Collaborative defense in the Arctic: Strengthening Norway's oil sector resilience through knowledge sharing and vigilance against drone threats

  Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy (RHCPP), Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/rhc3.12302 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Norway's oil sector faces significant security challenges due to rapid technological advancements and heightened geopolitical tensions, particularly concerning threats from Russian drones. The sector maintains a vigilant approach, continually monitoring and adapting to evolving threats. This study investigates strategies employed by sector companies to mitigate challenges, emphasizing collaboration, effective network utilization, and learning from past incidents to enhance operational resilience. Our analysis aligns with three thematic areas from the Generic Resilience Management Guidelines developed under the EU-funded H2020 project DARWIN: enhancing coordination in emergency response operations, managing adaptive capacities, and updating procedures and checklists. The study underscores the role of task forces, interdisciplinary teams, and collaborative efforts among industry operators in enhancing adaptability to threats. Findings indicated that although a willingness to draw insights from past incidents exists, a predominant reactive approach to learning prevails. Furthermore, a culture of secrecy prevalent in the sector inhibits knowledge sharing, potentially challenging overall resilience. In this complex context, proactive and transparent security approaches are imperative for Norway's oil sector to enhance resilience. Organizations should adopt a dynamic, technology-integrated risk management approach, involving continuous policy revision and stakeholder engagement, as suggested in contemporary resilience enhancement strategies.

• Cantelmi, Raffaele; Steen, Riana, gravio, Giulio Di & Patriarca, Riccardo (2024)
  An explorative Bayesian analysis of functional dependencies in emergency management systems

  Systems Engineering, , s. 1-18. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/sys.21783 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  The study of emergency or crisis management practices acquires strategical relevancefor resilient decision-making under uncertainty. The assessment of system resilience isan asset to identify potential design or operational improvements of a complex socio-technical system, such as an Emergency Management (EM) system. This research aimsat analyzing the functional properties of an EM system recurring to a novel integrationof the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) and Bayesian Belief Networks(BBN). The FRAM is used to model and display the actors and the interactions in thesystem, while the BBN, dynamically updated when new data becomes available, sup-ports a complementary quantitative assessment. The methodology is iterated in theanalysis of an EM procedure, issued by a second-line Emergency Response organiza-tion for Oil and Gas (O&G) operators in Norwegian continental shelf. The results of thestudy show that the proposed stochastic methodology compensates the drawbacks oftraditional FRAM modeling, via the outcomes of BBN quantitative analyses. The find-ings, contextualized in EM, can be transferred to different socio-technical contexts,both military and civil ones

• Kramer, Michael Paul; Viana, Joe, Mueller, Rolf A. E., Hanf, Claus-Henning & Hanf, Jon H (2024)
  Towards a taxonomy of multi-agent simulation models to determine disruptive technology adoption behaviour in the wine industry

  Agribusiness Innovation and Contextual Evolution, Volume II: Technological, Societal and Channel Advancements, , s. 103-130. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45742-5_5

• Wang, Yue; Liu, Ming, Viana, Joe & Dube, Nonhlanhla (2024)
  How to improve the quality of emergency supplies? A tripartite evolutionary game model

  Kybernetes, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/K-12-2023-2739

• Dube, Nonhlanhla; Selviaridis, Kostas, Oorschot, Kim E. van & Jahre, Marianne (2024)
  Riding the waves of uncertainty: Towards strategic agility in medicine supply systems

  Journal of Operations Management, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/joom.1330 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  We investigate how organizations embedded in a supply system collectively respond to risks and seize opportunities arising from crisis events under shifting forms of uncertainty. Using the United Kingdom (UK) medicine supply system as the research context, we explore how decision-makers navigated the effects of an event with knowable implications (UK's European Union exit, 2016–2020) followed by an event with unknowable implications (COVID-19 global pandemic, 2020–2021). We adopt a longitudinal case research design that incorporates causal loop diagramming, to understand the system's responses. We find that learning evolves as crisis events unfold, changing from surface (know-what) to deep (know-why and -how) and at the highest level, it is transcendent. Transcendent learning entails understanding system effects into the future (i.e., beyond the past and present) and in relation to other supply systems (i.e., beyond the UK system). Capabilities to absorb, avoid, and accelerate away from shocks are developed sequentially as learning changes. We contribute to prior research by developing a theory of system-level strategic agility and the adaptation processes that underpin it. The latter hinge on dynamic resource (re)allocation and the continuous (re)configuration of processes, protocols, regulations, and structures.

• Ciconte, William A.; Leiby, Justin & Willekens, Marleen (2024)
  Where Does the Time Go? Auditors’ Commercial Effort, Professional Effort, and Audit Quality

  Journal of Accounting Research, , s. 1-63. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-679X.12569 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Audit theory and regulation assumes that auditors’ commercial motivation threatens audit quality. In this registered report, we use data from two Big Four firms in the Netherlands and provide empirical evidence on the relation between auditors’ commercial motivation and (1) compensation, (2) total audit effort, and (3) audit quality. We proxy commercial motivation as the time that individual auditors report allocating to commercial activities. We hypothesize that auditors’ commercial effort is positively related to compensation and we find mixed support. Next, we hypothesize that auditors’ commercial effort is negatively related to the audit effort but we find no support. Turning to audit quality, we hypothesize a negative direct relation between auditors’ commercial effort and audit quality but we find no support. We also predict a positive indirect relation in which auditors’ commercial effort increases quality control reliance leading to higher audit quality. We find some support for this hypothesis but only when we use technical consultations to proxy for quality control. Auditors with greater commercial effort maintain quality because they rely more on technical consultations. In sum, our study challenges the assumption that auditors’ commercial effort threatens audit quality and questions the need for additional regulation to constrain commercial motivation.

• Torba, Rahman; Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane, Yugma, Claude, Gallais, Cédric & Pouzet, Juliette (2024)
  Solving a real-life multi-skill resource-constrained multi-project scheduling problem

  Annals of Operations Research, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-023-05784-7 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This paper addresses a multi-skill resource-constrained multi-project scheduling problem (MSRCMPSP) with different types of resources and complex industrial constraints, which originates from SNCF heavy maintenance factories. Two objective functions, that have been rarely addressed in the literature, are independently considered: (i) Minimization of the sum of the weighted tardiness of the projects and (ii) Minimization of the sum of the weighted duration of the projects. A time-indexed mixed-integer linear programming model is presented with both resource assignment and capacity constraints. To solve large instances with several thousand activities, a new memetic algorithm combining a novel hybrid simulated genetic algorithm with a simulated annealing is implemented. The memetic algorithm is compared with popular solution approaches. Computational experiments conducted on real instances and benchmark instances validate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.

• Yang, Wei-Ting; Tamssaouet, Karim & Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane (2024)
  Bayesian network structure learning using scatter search

  Knowledge-Based Systems, 300, s. 1-14. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2024.112149 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Learning the structure of Bayesian networks (BNs) from data is an NP-hard problem as the solution space grows super-exponentially with the number of nodes. Many algorithms have been developed to efficiently find the best structures, with score-based algorithms being those that use heuristics or metaheuristics to explore potential structures in the search space. This paper proposes a new score-based algorithm that relies on a well-known metaheuristic called scatter search, which, to the best of our knowledge, has not been used in learning BN structure. The core of scatter search is to maintain a reference set that stores both high-quality and diverse solutions, thereby continuously tracking and improving the high-quality solutions, while exploring different search directions indicated by the diverse solutions. By incorporating a distance metric in the learning process, the exploration can be more systematic than purely random, as is often the case in most existing algorithms. The effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm are evaluated through computational experiments. In addition to learning higher-score structures, the results show that scatter search provides a higher degree of robustness compared with benchmark algorithms

• Flygansvær, Bente Merete & Dahlstrøm, Robert (2024)
  Enhancing circular supply chains via ecological packaging: An empirical investigation of an extended producer responsibility network

  Journal of Cleaner Production, 468, s. 1-11. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.142948

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  Many industries have established producer responsibility networks, but the affiliated firms are not required to modify their packaging. This research examines conditions that influence the likelihood that firms will develop packaging with an ecological design. This study uses a resource dependency perspective to illustrate how facets of the perceived corporate environment influence packaging decisions. Data collected from 188 firms in a producer responsibility network indicate that financial resources, recycling resources, regulation, internal integration, and customer demand influence the ecological design of plastic packaging. Competitive intensity moderates the effects of customer demand on ecological packaging design. The study concludes by outlining its implications for sustainable packaging practice and research.

• Steen, Riana; Roud, Ensieh , Torp, Trude Mikkelrud & Hansen, Thor-Arild (2024)
  The impact of interorganizational collaboration on the viability of disaster response operations: The Gjerdrum landslide in Norway

  Safety Science, 173 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2024.106459 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This study investigates the interorganizational collaboration among agencies that responded to a landslide in Gjerdrum, Norway in 2020. It focuses on the crucial role of communication, coordination, cooperation, and knowledge sharing within organizations, and it examines tensions between centralization and decentralization, professional and administrative leadership, planning and improvisation, and external and internal information sharing. To explore this collaboration, we conducted nine interviews and employed the viable system model (VSM) as a conceptual and methodological framework. Through a systemic diagnosis of the search and rescue (SAR) crisis response system’s viability and by applying the VSM, the structural, communicational, and functional pathologies in interorganizational collaboration were identified. Thus, this diagnostic approach allowed us to determine the pathological features that challenged the SAR system’s effectiveness and viability, including imbalances, inefficiencies in maintaining internal and external interactions, communication breakdowns, and inefficient resource allocation. These insights clarify the structural challenges within the SAR system and underscore the significance of optimizing interconnections, establishing efficient decision-making processes, and improving communication flows to enhance the overall effectiveness of the SAR system.

• Kornberger, Martin; Schott, Clarissa Ruth Marie, Knudsen, Dan-Richard & Andvik, Christian (2024)
  Mapping data-driven management in accounting: the premise and promise of the debate and how to move beyond

  Qualitative Research in Accounting and Management, 22(2) , s. 186-198. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/QRAM-08-2024-0172 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This paper aims to point to the shift in the temporal orientation, going from reporting on the past to creating insights about the future, which might be suggestive of perennial managerial attempts to push the boundaries of bounded rationality.

• Steen, Riana; Norman, James, Bergström, Johan & Damm, Gitte F. (2024)
  Dark knights: Exploring resilience and hidden workarounds in commercial aviation through mixed methods

  Safety Science, 175 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2024.106498 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  In this study, the duality of adaptive capacity in aviation safety is examined, where the need for resilience of frontline workers conflicts with the expectations and assumptions of upstream entities, leading to system brittleness. We explore three critical categories: responsibilization, the application of practical wisdom in navigating challenging situations, and the unrecognized sacrifices that accompany adaptation. A qualitative research design is used, using three focus groups consisting of pilots in a European airline, the airline’s safety department, and the respective civil aviation authority. The study's findings reveal i. significant organizational constraint and pressure on pilots, resulting in workarounds, personal playbooks, and exhaustion, ii. a culture of apathy, cynicism, and secrecy, contributing to a disconnect between the idealized and practical aspects of work (work-as-imagined versus work-as-done), iii. an oversimplification of complex issues and attributing problems to individual factors rather than systemic factors, iv. normalizing the risk of saturation by pushing the boundaries of safe performance, and v. the current prescriptive training approach may increase risk by not accounting for adaptations that are necessary in the frontline work environment. Recognizing both the technical and social complexities of aviation, the study calls for a reimagined framework away from a prescriptive training approach, as it may increase risk by not accounting for adaptations that are necessary in the frontline work environment. In summary, the study presents a nuanced view of aviation as a complex system, where the push for adaptivity is challenged by ethical dilemmas and trade-offs. Left unresolved, this conflict may hinder aviation safety.

• Hovi, Inger Beate & Bø, Eirill (2024)
  Unlocking the potential: How can parcel lockers drive efficiency and environmental friendliness in E-commerce?

  Sustainable Futures, 7(June 2024) , s. 1-11. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2024.100189 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This paper analyses the efficiency and carbon footprint of different last-mile delivery solutions, including parcel lockers, pick-up points, and home deliveries. A Decision Support Tool (DST) is developed, utilizing real data on parcel deliveries and time allocation. The DST distinguishes between fixed, variable, and salary costs, revealing that time spent on delivery tasks and associated salary costs are the primary cost drivers. Deliveries to pick-up points are more efficient than deliveries to parcel lockers, but this efficiency depends on the number of parcels delivered. The environmental footprint of the solutions is influenced by how recipients collect their parcels.

• Lyngstadås, Hakim & Berg, Terje (2024)
  The C-Suite of Supplier Collaboration: A Configurational Analysis of the How’s and Why’s.

  International Journal of Logistics Systems and Management, 49(2) , s. 188-212. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJLSM.2024.141698 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This study empirically investigates how supplier collaboration (SC) can be configured for developing competitive capability. The configurational solutions are classified according to Lejeune and Yakova's (2005) typology of supply chain management and value creation as explanatory channel mechanism. This makes it possible to explain why competitive capabilities are effective. A survey with 159 respondents from the Norwegian manufacturing sector is analysed by using a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis. The survey was conducted in 2018. Three types in Lejeune and Yakova's (2005) typology are verified through competitive capability based on product quality, while all four types are verified in competitive capability based on low cost. However, there are several equally effective ways of configuring different types to achieve competitive capabilities. The results may be ascribed and theorised according to different value creation channels.

• Lyngstadås, Hakim & Mauritzen, Johannes (2024)
  Adults in the room? The auditor and dividends in small firms: evidence from a natural experiment

  Empirical Economics, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-024-02603-1 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  We examine the effect of auditing on dividends in small private firms. We hypothesize that auditing can constrain dividends by way of promoting accounting conservatism. We use register data on private Norwegian firms and random variation induced by the introduction of a policy allowing small private firms to forgo the use of an auditor to estimate the effect of auditing on dividend payout. Identification is obtained by a regression discontinuity around the arbitrary thresholds for the policy. Propensity score matching is used to create a balanced synthetic control. We consistently find that forgoing auditing led to a significant increase in dividends in small private firms.

• Langli, John Christian & Stenheim, Tonny (2024)
  Norske regnskapsstandarder og deres rettslige status

  [Professional Article]. Praktisk Økonomi & Finans, 40(3) , s. 260-274.

• Absi, Nabil; Heuvel, Wilco van den & Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane (2024)
  Complexity analysis of integrated dynamic lot sizing and maintenance planning problems

  European Journal of Operational Research, 318(1) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2024.04.025 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  We consider a problem where the planning decisions of producing on and maintaining a single machine are integrated. The age of the machine, and thus when maintenance should be performed, is influenced by the production decisions. Decisions are taken on a planning horizon discretized in periods. The computational complexity of several variants of the single-item problem are studied depending on whether (i) Maintenance can be performed on the machine at any point in time in a period or must be performed at the end of a period, (ii) There is a fixed aging component when starting production, and (iii) There is a minimum age before maintenance can be performed on the machine. The multi-item case is proved to be NP-hard.

• Chen, Zhihong; Hope, Ole-Kristian, Li, Qingyuan & Li, Yongbo (2024)
  Offshore activities and corporate tax avoidance

  Journal of Corporate Finance, 85 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2023.102536

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  We investigate the relation between tax avoidance and offshore activities using a new text-based measure for offshore activities based on Hoberg and Moon (2017, 2019). Our evidence shows that, although providing cross-border tax-avoidance opportunities, offshore activities reduce the marginal benefits of tax avoidance by introducing incremental foreign-market risk exposure. We find that the intensity of offshore sales of outputs is positively associated with the cash effective tax rate. The effect is stronger when the offshore sales rely on overseas production rather than domestic production, when the offshore sales are located in countries with higher economic uncertainty, when the firm has a lower ability to pass on shocks, and when the firm has less flexibility in adjusting tax strategies.

• Hope, Ole-Kristian; Wang, Cyndia, Wu, Yaqian & Zhang, Min (2024)
  Does Convergence with International Standards on Auditing Improve Audit Quality?

  Accounting Review, 100(2) , s. 189-218. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2308/TAR-2022-0610 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Many countries have converged their domestic auditing standards with International Standards on Auditing (ISA). This study provides global empirical evidence on first-order determinants of audit quality by examining whether and how convergence affects audit quality through utilizing data on 41 jurisdictions and using a staggered difference-in-differences approach. We find that ISA convergence leads to higher audit quality on average. The positive effect is stronger for clients of domestic audit firms, in jurisdictions with stronger enforcement, and when the ISA convergence level is higher. Insights from textual features suggest that changes in principle-orientation, comparability, readability, and size (or length) of auditing standards are positively related to audit quality. Exploratory analyses of textual content using machine learning reveal that the emphases of ISA on going-concern assessment and legal compliance, fraud risk assessment and internal control evaluation, and related-party transactions and su

• Cai, Hong; Hope, Ole-Kristian, Li, Yi, Liu, Qiliang & Wu, Han (2024)
  The (In)Visibility of Undisclosed Political Connections

  Journal of Business Ethics, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-024-05898-3

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  Despite a strong investor and social demand for firms to disclose information on political connections, mandatory disclosure requirements face considerable opposition. Given the challenges in enforcing mandatory disclosures, we investigate whether private information acquisition can be a viable alternative to disclosure. Using a setting of corruption investigations, we find that investors, on average, are not aware that the firms they have invested in have connections with the officials under investigation, suggesting a lack of visibility of the connections. However, a small number of institutional investors exploit their private access to information and sell their shares in response to the investigations. We also show that the high costs of information acquisition and a lack of incentives for analysts to disseminate sensitive information they have obtained contribute to this lack of visibility and result in a significant delay in retail investors’ reaction to material information. Our study contributes to the debate on mandating disclosure of political connections by showing that the lack of mandatory disclosure results in an uneven playing field that undermines transparency and fairness.

• Melaku, Tsegaye; Mekonnen, Zeleke, Tucho, Gudina Terefe, Mecha, Mohammed, Årdal, Christine Oline & Jahre, Marianne (2024)
  Availability of essential, generic medicines before and during COVID-19 at selected public pharmaceutical supply agencies in Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study

  BMJ Open, 14(3) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-077545 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Objectives Lockdowns and border closures impacted medicine availability during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to assess the availability of essential, generic medicines for chronic diseases at public pharmaceutical supply agencies in Ethiopia. Design Comparative cross-sectional study. Setting The availability of essential, generic medicines for chronic diseases was assessed at two public pharmaceutical supply agency hubs. Participants The current study included public supply agency hub managers, warehouse managers and forecasting officers at the study setting. Outcomes The assessment encompassed the availability of chronic medicines on the day of data collection, as well as records spanning 8 months before the outbreak and 1 year during the pandemic. A total of 22 medicines were selected based on their inclusion in the national essential drug list for public health facilities, including 17 medicines for cardiovascular disease and 5 for diabetes mellitus. Results The results of the study indicate that the mean availability of the selected basket medicines was 43.3% (95% CI: 37.1 to 49.5) during COVID-19, which was significantly lower than the availability of 67.4% (95% CI: 62.2 to 72.6) before the outbreak (p<0.001). Prior to COVID-19, the overall average line-item fill rate for the selected products was 78%, but it dropped to 49% during the pandemic. Furthermore, the mean number of days out of stock per month was 11.7 (95% CI: 9.9 to 13.5) before the outbreak of COVID-19, which significantly increased to 15.7 (95% CI: 13.2 to 18.2) during the pandemic, indicating a statistically significant difference (p<0.001). Although the prices for some drugs remained relatively stable, there were significant price hikes for some products. For example, the unit price of insulin increased by more than 130%. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic worsened the availability of essential chronic medicines, including higher rates of stockouts and unit price hikes for some products in the study setting. The study’s findings imply that the COVID-19 pandemic has aggravated already-existing medicine availability issues. Efforts should be made to develop contingency plans and establish mechanisms to monitor medicine availability and pricing during such crises.

• Ding, Wenhong; Guan, Wei, Ke, Yun, Olsen, Kari Joseph & Shi, Zhenyang (2024)
  Local CEOs and asymmetric cost behaviour

  Accounting and Finance, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/acfi.13337

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  We examine the effect of a local CEO (i.e., the CEO's state of origin is the same as his/her firm's headquarter states) on a firm's strategic capacity choices and the resulting cost asymmetry. We find that firms with local CEOs demonstrate greater cost asymmetry. Place attachment, local advantage and agency cost theory could all influence a firm's cost asymmetry. To differentiate between these explanations, we use a consequence test that examines the association between asymmetric costs and future performance. Our results indicate that the greater cost asymmetry in firms with local CEOs is associated with higher future firm value, which suggests that the greater cost asymmetry from local CEOs arises due more to a local advantage. We include several cross-sectional tests to explore when this result is more or less pronounced. Our results suggest that geographically segmented labour markets play an important role in a firm's resource capacity decisions.

• Oorschot, Kim E. van; Johansen, Vilde Aas, Thorup, Nanna Lynes & Aspen, Dina Margrethe (2024)
  Standardization cycles in sustainability reporting within the Global Reporting Initiative

  European Management Journal, 42(4) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2024.04.001 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  To analyze whether Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) standards could reduce transparency in sustainability reporting, we performed a longitudinal content analysis of sustainability reports for 15 large Norwegian organizations from 2010 to 2020 (inclusive). The content of reports increased by 90%, in contrast to an increase of only 18% in transparency. The content of GRI standards increased by more than 500%. For further examination, we develop a system dynamics model using a multilevel perspective including the standardization organizations, the organizations writing sustainability reports, and their audiences. Our model demonstrates how multilevel interactions may produce unintended results. More standards could impede transparent reporting for organizations, which in turn hinders stakeholders in making fair judgments about the sustainability of organizations. This condition then may trigger a new cycle in which standardization organizations define even more standards. We conclude that for sustainability reporting standards, less is more. Our findings have implications for both researchers and practitioners.

• Penn, Marion & Viana, Joe (2024)
  Infant care transfers: simulating neonatal infant pathways and transfers across a neonatal network

  Journal of the Operational Research Society, 76(9) , s. 1731-1748. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01605682.2024.2442503 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Neonatal care for preterm and sick babies is organised into local areas around the United Kingdom, called Operational Delivery Networks. These networks coordinate between providers to ensure babies have the required care, close to home. There are three types of Neonatal Units offering distinct levels of needs-based care. The networks need to ensure that each unit operates at optimal cot levels, and the best quality care is provided. The possible impact of any changes to a network’s configuration on transfers and infant care, must be considered before any changes are implemented. Our simulation model reflects the infant pathways within a network allowing users to evaluate a variety of possible changes within the network. The model builds on previous literature by incorporating the ability to move an existing infant from a unit to release capacity as well as moving new arrivals between units. We also consider the potential environmental impact of the additional travel for parents visiting infants who have been transferred. We demonstrate how the model can be applied with a case network within which approximately 60,000 babies are born annually, a tenth of whom requiring some Neonatal Care. Of these infants, approximately 12% are transferred to another unit.

• Andvik, Elisabeth; Egeland, Therese, Schei, Vidar & Andvik, Christian (2024)
  Escaping the Professional Identity “Straitjacket”: Towards a Model of Identity Plasticity

  Proceedings and Membership Directory - Academy of Management,

• Dyrnes, Sverre & Lopez, Ignacio Garcia de Olalla (2023)
  Verdsettelse – en introduksjon og oversikt over sentrale deler av verdsettelsesprosessen

  [Professional Article]. Praktisk Økonomi & Finans, 39(3) , s. 189-209. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18261/pof.39.3

• Lopez, Ignacio Garcia de Olalla & Andvik, Christian (2023)
  Finansiell Analyse og Verdsettelse

  [Textbook]. Universitetsforlaget

• Hormozi, Mohammad Ali; Dizaji, Hassan Zaki, Bahrami, Hoshang, Sharifyazdi, Mehdi & Monjazi, Nasim (2023)
  Multi-objective optimization of allocating sustainable mechanization for spraying and harvesting systems in paddy fields

  Majallah-i muhandisī-i biyusīstim-i Īrān, 53(4) , s. 357-378. Doi: https://doi.org/10.22059/IJBSE.2023.346979.665495

• Tangenes, Tor & Nordtømme, Tor Olav (2023)
  Oppgave- og casesamling i økonomi- og virksomhetsstyring, 2. utg.

  [Textbook]. Fagbokforlaget

• Tamssaouet, Karim & Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane (2023)
  A general efficient neighborhood structure framework for the job-shop and flexible job-shop scheduling problems

  European Journal of Operational Research, 311(2) , s. 455-471. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2023.05.018 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This article introduces a framework that unifies and generalizes well-known literature results related to local search for the job-shop and flexible job-shop scheduling problems. In addition to the choice of the metaheuristic and the neighborhood structure, the success of most of the influential local search approaches relies on the ability to quickly and efficiently rule out infeasible moves and evaluate the quality of the feasible neighbors. Hence, the proposed framework focuses on the feasibility and quality evaluation of a general move when solving the job-shop and flexible job-shop scheduling problems for any regular objective function. The proposed framework is valid for any scheduling problem where the defined neighborhood structure is appropriate, and each solution to the problem can be modeled with a directed acyclic graph with {non-negative weights on nodes and arcs}. The feasibility conditions and quality estimation procedures proposed in the literature rely heavily on information on the existence of a path between two nodes. Thus, based on an original parameterized algorithm that asserts the existence of a path between two nodes, novel generic procedures to evaluate the feasibility of a move and estimate the value of any regular objective function of a neighbor solution are proposed. We show that many well-known literature results are special cases of our results, which can be applied to a wide range of shop scheduling problems.

• Jahre, Marianne & Rasmussen, Janicke (2023)
  Supply Chain Risk Management: Vær beredt for den nye (u)normalen

  [Professional Article]. Praktisk Økonomi & Finans,

• Lopez, Ignacio Garcia de Olalla & Andvik, Christian (2023)
  Finansiell analyse og verdsettelse

  [Textbook]. Universitetsforlaget

• Lopez, Ignacio Garcia de Olalla & Andvik, Christian (2023)
  Financial Analysis and Valuation

  [Textbook]. Universitetsforlaget

• Lopez, Ignacio Garcia de Olalla & Andvik, Christian (2023)
  Financial Analysis and Valuation

  [Textbook]. Universitetsforlaget

• Mustafee, Navonil; Viana, Joe & Harper, Alison (2023)
  Hybrid Models with Real-Time Data in Healthcare: A Focus on Data Synchronization and Experimentation

  Winter simulation conference : proceedings, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/WSC60868.2023.10407687

• Mustafee, Navonil; Harper, Alison & Viana, Joe (2023)
  Hybrid Models with Real-time Data: Characterising Real-time Simulation and Digital Twins

  Proceedings of the Operational Research Society Simulation Workshop 2023 (SW23), , s. 261-271. Doi: https://doi.org/10.36819/sw23.031

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  Real-time Simulation (RtS) and Digital Twins (DT) are terms generally associated with hybrid models that use real-time data to drive computational models. Additionally, in the case of DTs, real-time data is often used to create virtual replicas of the physical system as it progresses through real-time. There is an increasing volume of literature on RtS and DT; however, the field of OR/MS is yet to coalesce on accepted definitions and conceptualisations. This has arguably led to the cascading usage of these terms. The objective of the paper is threefold: (1) distinguish between RtS and DT, (2) present RtS-DT conceptualisation in four dimensions, and (3) present methodological and technical insights on developing RtS with limited data. We argue that the evolution of conventional simulation models to fully-fledged hybrid DTs may necessitate a focus on a transitional stage; namely, RtS models primarily driven using historical distributions with limited real-time data feeds.

• Berterottière, Lucas; Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane & Yugma, Claude (2023)
  Flexible job-shop scheduling with transportation resources

  European Journal of Operational Research, 312(3) , s. 890-909. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2023.07.036 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This paper addresses an extension of the flexible job-shop scheduling problem where transportation resources are explicitly considered when moving jobs from one machine to another. Operations should be assigned to and scheduled on machines and vehicles and the routes of vehicles should be determined. We extend the classical disjunctive graph model to include transportation operations and exploit the graph in an integrated approach to solve the problem. We propose a metaheuristic using a neighborhood function that allows a large set of moves to be explored. As the exact computation of the makespan of every move is time-consuming, we present a move evaluation procedure that runs in constant time (which does not depend on the size of the instance) to choose a promising move in the neighborhood of a solution. This move evaluation procedure is used in a tabu search framework. Computational results show the efficiency of the proposed approach, the quality of the move evaluation procedure and the relevance of explicitly modeling transportation resources. New benchmark instances are also proposed.

• Biehl, Henrike; Bleibtreu, Christopher & Stefani, Ulrike (2023)
  The real effects of financial reporting: Evidence and suggestions for future research

  Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 54 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2023.100594 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This article systematically reviews 94 accounting and finance studies that address the real effects of financial reporting. Whereas the effects of financial reporting on capital suppliers’ decisions traditionally have received much attention, recent research has generated important new insights into the feedback effects of financial reporting on the reporting firms’ real activities (e.g., investments or allocation and use of resources). We identify the consequences of financial reporting for (1) the reporting firm, (2) its peer firms, and (3) the input and output markets. We also highlight the effects of firms’ internal controls over financial reporting and consider how accounting and auditing regulations influence and contribute to real effects. The studies we review are consistent in their findings that high-quality financial reporting is positively associated with the efficiency of the reporting firm’s resource allocation. Many studies also suggest a positive association between high-quality financial reporting and an efficient allocation of resources in the real sector, which can also benefit other market participants like consumers or employees. The article concludes with an outlook on fruitful research opportunities.

• Flores-Gómez, Mario; Borodin, Valeria & Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane (2023)
  Maximizing the service level on the makespan in the stochastic flexible job-shop scheduling problem

  Computers & Operations Research, 157 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2023.106237 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This paper considers the flexible job-shop scheduling problem with stochastic processing times. To find a sequence insensitive to shop floor disturbances, the available probabilistic information related to the variability of processing times is taken into account by maximizing the makespan service level for a given deadline. This corresponds to the probability of the makespan to be smaller than a given threshold. After showing why this criterion makes sense compared to minimizing the average makespan, a solution approach relying on a tabu search and a Monte Carlo sampling-based approximation is presented. Then, new instances are generated by extending the deterministic benchmark instances. Extensive computational experiments are conducted to evaluate the relevance of the makespan service level and the performance of the proposed solution method. The drawbacks of a number of reference scenarios, including worst-case and best-case scenarios, in addressing effectively the problem under study are presented. A numerical analysis is also performed to compare the scope of the proposed criterion against the minimization of the expected makespan. The accuracy of the proposed solutions induced by the hyper-parameters of the Monte Carlo approximation is explicitly analyzed.

• Tamssaouet, Karim; Engebrethsen, Erna & Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane (2023)
  Multi-item dynamic lot sizing with multiple transportation modes and item fragmentation

  International Journal of Production Economics, 265, s. 1-15. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2023.109001 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This paper addresses a tactical joint inventory and transportation planning problem for multiple items with deterministic and time-varying demand, considering different transportation modes and item fragmentation. The latter corresponds to the splitting of the same item ordered quantity between several trucks or containers. On the one hand, fragmenting the items potentially reduces the number of containers used. On the other hand, loading the item lot fragments on several containers may negatively impact the handling and shipping operations. This new problem is proposed as a way to tackle such conflict. Several Mixed Integer Linear Programming models are proposed for the problem, which rely on two multi-item lot-sizing models with mode selection and two bin-packing models with item fragmentation. A relax-and-fix heuristic is also proposed. Using realistic instances, computational experiments are first conducted to identify the most efficient model in terms of computational time, to study the impact of key parameters on the computational complexity and to analyze the efficiency of the heuristic. Then, managerial insights are derived through additional computational experiments, in particular, to identify contexts requiring joint optimization of lot-sizing and bin-packing decisions, as well as the impact of item fragmentation constraints. Directions for future research are finally proposed.

• Hung, Chung-Yu & Shi, Zhenyang (2023)
  Peer-Specific Knowledge and Peer Group Properties in Relative Performance Evaluation

  Journal of Management Accounting Research, 36(1) , s. 173-201. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2308/JMAR-2022-013

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  Although relative performance evaluation (RPE) represents an important compensation practice, selecting a relevant peer firm poses a challenge for compensation committees. We study the implications of a committee’s peer-specific knowledge for the peer group property (i.e., RPE relevance). Committees likely know more about firms within their networks, and such peer-specific knowledge increases with their connections to potential peer firms. Our findings suggest that peer-specific knowledge facilitates not only the inclusion of more relevant peer firms, but also the exclusion of less relevant ones. Moreover, the committees incorporate connected peers’ performance information to a greater extent for risk removal. We address identification challenges by including an intensive set of fixed effects to control for characteristics of the focal and the peer firms and by exploiting exogenous changes to the connections between the committees and the peer firms. Our findings suggest that the compensation committee’s peer-specific knowledge facilitates the RPE practice.

• Arnulf, Jan Ketil; Rasmussen, Janicke, Hjersing, Sandra & Berner, Thea (2023)
  CEO dismissal as an act of human sacrifice: Metaphor or reality?

  Human Sacrifice and Value: Revisiting the Limits of Sacred Violence from an Anthropological and Archaeological Perspective, , s. 54-78. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003242475

• Chen, Lu; Yang, Wenhui, Qiu, Kejun & Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane (2023)
  A lexicographic optimization approach for a bi-objective parallel-machine scheduling problem minimizing total quality loss and total tardiness

  Computers & Operations Research, 155 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2023.106245

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  In wafer fabrication, production quality is a key performance index and is subject to machine condition deterioration. This paper studies a parallel-machine scheduling problem that can typically be found in the photolithography process. To solve the problem, a lexicographic optimization approach is proposed where the total quality loss is firstly minimized and the second objective is to minimize total tardiness. An optional maintenance activity is also considered to restore the machine condition to a certain level. Optimality properties are discussed, based on which an exact scheduling algorithm is developed. Experimental analyses derived from real data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and support some managerial insights.

• Pruijssers, Jorien; Simac, Ines & Willekens, Marleen (2023)
  Strength of Audit Firms’ Human Resource Systems and Client-Level Audit Outcomes: Evidence from a Multiple Source Study

  Accounting Horizons, 38(2) , s. 197-224. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2308/HORIZONS-2021-150

• Steen, Riana; Haug, Ole Jacob & Patriarca, Riccardo (2023)
  Business continuity and resilience management: A conceptual framework

  Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12501 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  The overall objective of business continuity management (BCM) systems is to provide guidance and analytical subcomponents on how to assess and manage risk and sustain operations when facing a disruptive event. Current BCM practices largely follow a standard structure for formal planning processes and risk-assessment activities. An underlying assumption in standard practices is that systems can be decomposed in subsystems in a meaningful way, as they are tractable and data are available to predict the system's future functionality. However, the reality is much more complex in our volatile world. Standard BCM approaches do not pay adequate attention to the treatment of uncertainties. Thus, they fall short of addressing the complexity of operations involved with emergencies and crisis. Lack of focus on uncertainty hampers the ability of BCM systems to provide sufficient support for decision making in highly uncertain situations. Dealing with such situations necessitates a shift from a defensive risk-management approach, grounded on an illusion of control and accountability, to a proactive stance based on resilience thinking. Responding to this call, we use concepts from the resilience engineering (RE) field and link them to different components of a BCM system. We develop a novel BCM framework and identify a set of resilience influence factors to enhance resilience in BCM systems. We use a case-example, hosted by a leading organization in a second-line emergency response operation in Norway to reflect on the application of a suggested BCM framework.

• Rodoplu, Melek; Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane & Vialletelle, Philippe (2023)
  Integrated planning of maintenance operations and workload allocation

  International Journal of Production Research, , s. 8291-8308. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2023.2168083 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Motivated by a practical problem, this paper investigates the integrated planning of maintenanceoperations and workload allocation on a set of machines in a workshop. Given quantities of productsto be produced per period on a planning horizon must be processed on unrelated flexible machines.Moreover, each machine has to undergo one or more maintenance operations that must be plannedwithin a given time window and impact products differently. The main goal is to find a feasible planthat satisfies the machine capacity by allocating the production quantities to machines and assign-ing maintenance operations as late as possible in their time windows. Various original mathematicalmodels are presented. In particular, we propose models that allow maintenance operations andsome production quantities to overlap two consecutive periods. Computational experiments basedon industrial data show that allowing this overlapping helps the earliness of maintenance opera-tions to be significantly reduced in the most difficult instances, going for example from a total of 14periods to only 1 period, and by more than 35% on average.

• Zuiderwijk, Dianka; Steen, Riana & Pedro, Ferreira (2023)
  Learning from Operational planning

  International Journal of Business Continuity and Risk Management (IJBCRM), 13(2) , s. 165-187. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBCRM.2023.131863

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  Institutional and regulatory approaches to planning are still primarily based on linearity and predictability and show a trend towards centralised control and prescriptive planning. A second trend recognises unpredictability in complex operations and focuses on dealing with the changeable nature of work. We refer to this adaptive type of planning as operational planning (OP). In this paper, we argue that a shift towards more control and prescriptive planning can undermine this critical adaptive capability in the completion of complex operations. Triggered by lessons drawn from three different studies, we demonstrate that fostering this adaptive capability in complex operations necessitates a shift in how uncertainty is addressed in institutional and regulatory systems. While exploratory, our findings add to a more complete picture of OP and its relevance to the reliability of complex operations.

• Liu, Junhao; Hope, Ole-Kristian & Hu, Danqi (2023)
  Earnings announcements in China: Overnight-intraday disparity

  Journal of Corporate Finance, 82 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2023.102471

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  Based on a unique arrangement of trading and disclosure times around earnings announcements in the Chinese stock market, we provide evidence of a striking overnight-intraday disparity in terms of the reaction to earnings news. Specifically, we find that the overnight period exhibits a strong and consistent reaction to earnings announcements, whereas the intraday period trades against both the earnings news and the prior market reaction during the overnight period. In addition, we show that abnormal overnight returns on earnings announcement days exhibit strong predictability for future stock returns, consistent with the overnight returns containing value-relevant signals. In contrast, we observe no return predictability for abnormal intraday returns on earnings announcement days, which as a result, also undermines the return predictability of abnormal daily returns. We propose possible explanations for the overnight-intraday disparity. We conclude that the differences in trading mechanisms between the two periods as well as in investor composition likely drive the phenomenon.

• Shen, Liji; Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane & Maecker, Söhnke (2023)
  Energy cost efficient scheduling in flexible job-shop manufacturing systems

  European Journal of Operational Research, 310(3) , s. 992-1016. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2023.03.041

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  This paper studies the problem of determining energy efficient schedules in a flexible job shop. The goal is to minimize the total energy cost, given a time-of-use pricing scheme, while ensuring that the schedule does not violate a maximum makespan. The problem is first formalized as a mixed integer program. Because it is already difficult to solve, the simpler problem with a fixed sequence of operations is then extensively studied. Some properties are derived for the specific problem with a fixed sequence. These properties show that the complexity of the problem depends on the structure of the energy pricing scheme. They are also used to propose two heuristic approaches. Relying on these heuristics, we further develop an iterative tabu search for the general problem. Extensive computational experiments are carried out to evaluate the solution methods and the potential gains on the total energy cost, depending on the flexibility associated to the maximum allowed makespan and on the time-of-use structures.

• Berg, Terje & Lyngstadås, Hakim (2023)
  We’re only in it for the money? Developing sustainable literacy through management accounting curriculum

  Accounting Education, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09639284.2023.2270475 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This article addresses how and why introductory management accounting courses could contribute to sustainable literacy. Drawing on pragmatic constructivism we develop a course design. We base our discussions on teaching experience from two Business Schools. The proposed course design discusses sustainability around five common themes; (i) fundamental concepts, (ii) what are ‘net income’ and ‘value creation’, (iii) product costing and short-term decision-making, (iv) capital budgeting decisions, and (v) performance measurement. We demonstrate that it is possible to introduce sustainability and how it also allows for a better understanding of management accounting as such. Fundamentally, it is illustrated that critical thinking can be integrated at an introductory level in a management accounting course. As such, this study helps develop students’ sustainable literacy. By allowing sustainability to be a natural part of the standard subjects, the article claims that the subject area contributes to the future demands on management accountants as well.

• Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane; Ding, Junwen, Shen, Liji & Tamssaouet, Karim (2023)
  The flexible job shop scheduling problem: A review

  European Journal of Operational Research, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2023.05.017 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  The flexible job shop scheduling problem (FJSP) is an NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem, which has wide applications in the real world. The complexity and relevance of the FJSP have led to numerous research works on its modeling and resolution. This paper reviews some of the research of the past 30 years on the problem, by presenting and classifying the different criteria, constraints, configurations and solution approaches that have been considered. Recent emerging topics on complex shop scheduling, multi-criteria optimization and uncertain and dynamic environments are discussed. Finally, future research opportunities are proposed.

• Anchev, Stefan & Lapanan, Nicha (2023)
  Investor Base Size and Underreaction-Consistent Stock Return Anomalies

  European Accounting Review, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2023.2265975 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  We find that several well-documented underreaction-consistent stock return anomalies, such as those based on stocks' earnings-to-price ratios, returns on assets and past returns, arise and persist only among stocks with smaller (institutional) investor bases, which are presumably stocks that are neglected by investors. These results are driven by the short side of our long-short trading strategies (i.e., by the seemingly overpriced stocks from the bottom quantiles of the anomaly variables), they appear even after controlling for several stock characteristics (e.g., market capitalization and institutional ownership) and potential risk factors, and they are considerably more pronounced during periods with more information and/or less technology. Overall, these findings suggest that the incomplete dissemination of (negative) information across investors helps in explaining the occurrence and the persistence of the anomalies.

• Hope, Ole-Kristian; Porumb, Vlad-Andrei, Rusanescu, Simona & Vyas, Dushyantkumar (2023)
  Private information and bank-loan pricing: The effectof upcoming corporate spinoffs

  Contemporary Accounting Research, 40(4) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12881 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Corporate spinoffs are important events that are accompanied by valuation and credit-risk implications for the parent firm. Among other benefits, spinoffs can improve corporate focus and enhance valuation transparency. In the debt-contracting context, however, spinoffs can also be associated with negative outcomes for the divesting firms. We examine whether banks, due to their timely access to material private information, are able to ascertain the likelihood and the implications of impending spinoffs for the parent firm before a formal public announcement of the spinoff. Our empirical analyses indicate that, in the 365-day pre-spinoff announcement period, banks charge incrementally higher (lower) spreads to borrowers with increased (decreased) post-spinoff riskiness relative to nondivesting firms. This suggests that, while lenders recognize the value- and transparency-enhancing effects of spinoffs, they are also able to foresee potentially negative implications of these divestitures. Cross-sectional analyses indicate that banks charge incrementally lower loan spreads if spinoffs result in high-risk borrowers having either higher reporting quality or lower reporting or operational complexity. These results suggest that the post-spinoff increase in riskiness is compensated by the divestiture benefits typically associated with spinoffs. Similarly, high-risk borrowers incur larger spreads if they do not undergo “focus-increasing” spinoffs. Overall, our findings suggest that banks are able to ex ante determine the implications of important corporate events such as spinoffs.

• Kasapidis, Gregory A.; Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane, Paraskevopoulos, Dimitris C., Repoussis, Panagiotis P. & Tarantilis, Christos D. (2023)
  On the multiresource flexible job-shop scheduling problem with arbitrary precedence graphs

  Production and operations management, 32(7) , s. 2322-2330. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.13977 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This paper aims at linking the work presented in Dauzère-Pérès et al. (1998) and more recently in Kasapidis et al. (2021) on the multiresource flexible job-shop scheduling problem with nonlinear routes or equivalently with arbitrary precedence graphs. In particular, we present a mixed integer linear programming (MIP) model and a constraint programming (CP) model to formulate the problem. We also compare the theorems introduced in Dauzère-Pérès et al. (1998) and Kasapidis et al. (2021) and propose a new theorem extension. Computational experiments were conducted to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of all propositions. Lastly, the proposed MIP and CP models are tested on benchmark problems of the literature and comparisons are made with state-of-the-art algorithms.

• Hope, Ole-Kristian; Yue, Heng & Zhong, Qinlin (2023)
  Public Communication of Audit Risks and Related-Party Transactions: Evidence from China

  Auditing: A journal of Practice and Theory (AJPT), 42(4) , s. 23-44. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2308/AJPT-2021-184 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This paper examines whether and how firms’ engagement in related-party transactions (RPTs) is shaped by public communication of audit risks as required by the expanded audit report. Using the phased regulatory changes in China and a difference-in-differences design with firm fixed effects and matching, we find that firms significantly reduce their RPTs after the adoption of expanded audit reports (EARs). To investigate potential mechanisms, we find that (1) investor scrutiny increases after the adoption of EARs, (2) the reduction of RPTs is more pronounced when EARs are more likely to attract investor attention, and (3) the reduction of RPTs is weaker when firms are less concerned about investor scrutiny. The results suggest that EARs can attract investor scrutiny and increase the possible penalty associated with self-dealing, thus motivating firms to reduce RPTs.

• Fiechter, Peter; Landsman, Wayne, Peasnell, Ken & Renders, Annelies (2023)
  Do industry-specific accounting standards matter for capital allocation decisions?

  Journal of Accounting and Economics, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2023.101670 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This study examines whether the implementation of industry-specific accounting standards helps capital market participants in making decisions about providing capital to firms. We predict and find an, on average, increase in firms’ capital growth in years following implementation of the relevant industry standard. The increase in capital growth arises primarily from equity issuances and is attributable to the implementation of the standards rather than industry-specific trends or economic shocks. We explore heterogeneity in industry standards and find more pronounced effects for (i) industry standards that reveal new information, provide explicit guidance, or in- crease accounting uniformity, and (ii) small firms, firms with greater information asymmetry, and firms with greater capital constraints before implementation of the standards. We also find evi- dence consistent with two channels explaining the documented increase in capital flows: reduction of information asymmetry and increase in financial statement comparability.

• Langli, John Christian & Stenheim, Tonny (2023)
  Hvordan bør arbeidet med nasjonale regnskapsstandarder organiseres og finansieres?

  [Professional Article]. Magma forskning og viten, (2)

• Jahre, Marianne; Ditlev-Simonsen, Caroline Dale, Chao, Emmanuel, Czerwinska, Anna C & Mushi, Mary (2023)
  Sustainable New Business Development in the Global South - Supply Chains and Networks

  The international journal of Business and Management in Emerging Markets (IJOBMEM), 2(1) - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  To improve understanding of factors to take into account when developing and implementing new sustainable business opportunities in the Global South. The study uses a phenomenon-based approach. Building on three research streams – sustainable supply chain management (SSCM), the industrial network approach (INA) and sustainable entrepreneurship (SE) – this paper develops a conceptual framework and demonstrates its applicability using a relevant case study: Business Opportunities for the Opuntia cactus (prickly pear) in Tanzania. New business opportunities can be identified from three different perspectives: demand-pull, supply-push, and gaps in supply chains. The proposed framework suggests how to include all three perspectives and what factors to account for in development and implementation.

• Shukla, Anurag; Solbakken, Even André & Steen, Riana (2023)
  On the cyber-emergency preparedness in a resilient organization

  ESREL 2023 - Proceedings of the 33rd European Safety and Reliability Conference : The Future of Safety in the Reconnected World, 3 – 7 September 2023, University of Southampton, United Kingdom, , s. 3471-3478. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3850/978-981-18-8071-1_P017-cd - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  In recent years, the scientific fields of cyber-security and resilience engineering have emerged as new ways to deal with emerging risks in cyber-socio-technical systems. Unlike conventional security management approaches, focusing on historical data to provide an accurate risk picture, resilience engineering aims to enhance an organization's capacity to anticipate, monitor, and adapt to disruptions and surprises. However, with the increasing cyber threats and changes in national and international security policies, there is a pressing need to examine the resilience characteristics of cyber emergency preparedness in both public and private sectors. To address this need, this study adopts a triangulation method, through online survey and interview with two subject matter experts in the cyber-domain and explore factors that might contribute to enhancing cyber emergency preparedness in dealing with potential cyber threats and attacks. Findings suggest that front-line operators have limited information and capacity to process existing data in the domain of cyber security, highlighting a need for enhancing cyber-related knowledge across organizations. Furthermore, 25% of enterprises in the sample update their cybersecurity risk picture only once a year. The lack of more frequent updates downscales the contingency plans' thoroughness and puts companies in a vulnerable situation given the increasing trend of cyber-attacks.

• Chen, Jeff Zeyun; Elemes, Anastasios, Hope, Ole-Kristian & Yoon, Aaron S. (2023)
  Audit-Firm Profitability: Determinants and Implications for Audit Outcomes

  European Accounting Review, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2023.2169735 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  We use a novel dataset that links audit-firm and client-firm financial statement information from the U.K.’s largest audit firms to examine drivers of audit-firm profitability and its implications for audit outcomes. We first explore the determinants of audit-firm profitability and conclude that Big-4 and non-Big-4 audit firms have fundamentally different profitability structures. Big-4 firms have higher profit margins than non-Big-4 firms. Furthermore, Big-4 profitability increases with client size and complexity, while non-Big-4 profitability is higher for smaller, private-firm clients. Next, we examine the relation between audit-firm profitability and audit outcomes. Using a battery of alternative outcome measures, we find that more profitable audit firms deliver higher audit quality. In supplemental analyses we show that the positive relation between audit-firm profitability and audit outcomes is generally stronger for more influential and illiquid clients (i.e. when auditors are exposed to more litigation risk). Our inferences are robust to several endogeneity controls, such as using an instrumental variables approach, controlling for client-firm and audit-firm fixed effects, employing lead-lag and changes specifications, and assessing bias from correlated omitted variables. Our study contributes to the literature by being the first to provide insights into audit-firm profitability and examine in detail its implications for audit quality.

• Mekonnen, Zeleke; Melaku, Tsegaye, Tucho, Gudina Terefe, Mecha, Mohammed, Årdal, Christine & Jahre, Marianne (2023)
  The knock-on effects of COVID-19 pandemic on the supply and availability of generic medicines in Ethiopia: mixed methods study

  BMC Health Services Research, 23(1) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-023-09535-z - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  COVID-19 pandemic posed a major impact on the availability and affordability of essential medicines. This study aimed to assess the knock-on effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the supply availability of non-communicable chronic disease (NCD) medicines and paracetamol products in Ethiopia.

• Kvaal, Erlend; Löw, Edgar, Novotny-Farkas, Zoltán, Panaretou, Argyro, Renders, Annelies & Sampers, Peter (2023)
  Classification and Measurement under IFRS 9: A Commentary and Suggestions for Future Research

  Accounting in Europe, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17449480.2023.2253808 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This paper discusses several issues that were raised by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) in their request for information for the post-implementation review (PIR) of the International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) 9: Financial instruments – Classification and Measurement. In doing so, we first review the related academic literature and present empirical evidence on the post-adoption impact of IFRS 9. We then discuss conceptual issues associated with the business model and cash flow characteristics assessment in IFRS 9, as well as issues associated with the presentation of fair value changes in other comprehensive income (OCI) and modifications to contractual cash flows. Finally, we identify gaps in the literature and provide suggestions for future research that can help inform accounting standard setters.

• Wood, David A.; Achhpilia, Muskan, Adams, Mollie T., Aghazadeh, Sanaz, Akinyele, Kazeem, Akpan, Mfon, Berg, Terje, Heinzelmann, Rafael, Johanson, Bjørn Daniel, Kulset, Ellen Hiorth Marthinsen, Kuruppu, Gowindage Chamara Jayanath, Lyngstadås, Hakim, Madsen, Dag Øivind, Sundkvist, Charlotte Haugland, Allee, Kristian D., Allen, Abigail M., Almer, Elizabeth D., Ames, Daniel, Arity, Viktor, Barr-Pulliam, Dereck, Basoglu, K. Asli, Belnap, Andrew, Bentley, Jeremiah W., Berglund, Nathan R., Berry, Erica, Bhandari, Avishek, Bhuyan, Md Nazmul Hasan, Black, Paul W., Blondeel, Eva, Bond, David, Bonrath, Annika, Borthick, A. Faye, Boyle, Erik S., Bradford, Marianne, Brandon, Duane M., Brazel, Joseph F., Brockbank, Bryan G., Burger, Marcus, Byzalov, Dmitri, Cannon, James N., Caro, Cecil, Carr, Abraham H., Cathey, Jack, Cating, Ryan, Charron, Kimberly, Chavez, Stacy, Chen, Jason, Chen, Jennifer C., Chen, Jennifer W., Cheng, Christine, Wright, Nicole S., Woolley, Darryl, Wood, Jessica, Wood, Bryan D., Witte, Annie L., Wiseman, Denise, Winrow, Tasia S., Winrow, Timothy & Winrow, Brian (2023)
  The ChatGPT artificial intelligence chatbot: How well does it answer accounting assessment questions?

  Issues in Accounting Education, 38(4) , s. 81-108. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2308/ISSUES-2023-013

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  ChatGPT, a language-learning model chatbot, has garnered considerable attention for its ability to respond to users’ questions. Using data from 14 countries and 186 institutions, we compare ChatGPT and student performance for 28,085 questions from accounting assessments and textbook test banks. As of January 2023, ChatGPT provides correct answers for 56.5 percent of questions and partially correct answers for an additional 9.4 percent of questions. When considering point values for questions, students significantly outperform ChatGPT with a 76.7 percent average on assessments compared to 47.5 percent for ChatGPT if no partial credit is awarded and 56.5 percent if partial credit is awarded. Still, ChatGPT performs better than the student average for 15.8 percent of assessments when we include partial credit. We provide evidence of how ChatGPT performs on different question types, accounting topics, class levels, open/closed assessments, and test bank questions. We also discuss implications for accounting education and research.

• Steen, Riana; Haakonsen, Geir & Steiro, Trygve Jakobsen (2023)
  Patterns of Learning: A Systemic Analysis of Emergency Response Operations in the North Sea through the Lens of Resilience Engineering

  Infrastructures, 8(2) Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures8020016 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Crisis-induced learning (CIL), as a concept, has an ancient history. Although the academic literature offers a range of sophisticated approaches to address CIL, it is still not quite clear how we learn, how we know we have learned, and what challenges and opportunities are involved in the CIL process. To address these questions and navigate ways forward, we need to use a specific real-world subject to capture contextual issues involved in a crisis cycle, which affects the learning process. In this paper, we uncover patterns of learning by exploring contextual issues involved with “actual scenarios” related to three COVID-19 episodes (emergencies) between August and December 2020. To analyze the study’s findings, we use three different themes from the DARWIN Generic Resilience Management Guidelines: (1) supporting the coordination and synchronization of emergency-response operation activities, (2) managing adaptive capacity, and (3) developing and revising procedures and checklists. Looking into these “real scenarios” seems fruitful for understanding patterns of learning, and it results in several learning recommendations. Among others, this study reveals how the uncertainty involved in emergency-response operations creates cognitive demands for emergent problem-solving.

• Ruud, Flemming (2023)
  Ein ganzheitlicher Ansatz zur Integration von ESG - Das Drei-Linien-Modell als Strukturrahmen für Rollen und Verantwortlichkeiten

  [Popular Science Article]. ExpertFokus, 97, s. 504-508.

• Steen, Riana; Håheim-Saers, Nils & Aukland, Gina (2023)
  Military unmanned aerial vehicle operations through the lens of a high-reliability system: Challenges and opportunities

  Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy (RHCPP), Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/rhc3.12279 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This study examines the impact of regulations and standard procedures on safety outcomes in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) operations, specifically focussing on Norwegian military UAV systems, from a high-reliability organization (HRO) perspective. By analyzing data from existing regulations, accident reports, and interviews with military drone pilots using thematic analysis, we identify key recurring themes. Our findings highlight the importance of fatigue and exhaustion due to the absence of regulations on resting time for military drone pilots. This poses substantial risks and increases the likelihood of accidents and incidents in UAV operations. Additionally, we uncover gaps in safety reporting and accountability for military UAV pilots, indicating the need for improved reporting procedures that consider the unique operational elements of UAVs. Effective communication between stakeholders, including drone pilots, ground crew, and air traffic controllers, emerges as a critical factor in maintaining situational awareness. This emphasis on communication is consistent with HRO principles and supports the essential safety tasks of UAV pilots, namely sense-making, decision making, and performance. By uncovering the impact of regulations and operational procedures on safety outcomes and addressing fatigue in UAV operations, this research contributes to enhancing the safety and reliability of Norwegian military UAV systems.

• Mauritzen, Johannes (2022)
  Applied Statistics: Python Labs

  [Textbook]. Johannes Mauritzen

• Schreyer, Marco; Baumgartner, Marcel, Ruud, Flemming & Borth, Damian (2022)
  ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN INTERNAL AUDIT AS A CONTRIBUTION TO EFFECTIVE GOVERNANCE

  [Popular Science Article]. ExpertFokus, 96(1) , s. 45-50.

• Schreyer, Marco; Gierbl, Anita, Ruud, Flemming & Borth, Damian (2022)
  Artificial intelligence enabled audit

  [Popular Science Article]. ExpertFokus, 96(4) , s. 82-88.

• Jahre, Marianne & Jahre, Martine (2022)
  Fremtidens flyktningleir

  [Popular Science Article]. Udenrigs,

• Jahre, Marianne (2022)
  Marianne Jahre, Månedens forsker

  [Popular Science Article]. BI Business Review,

• Jahre, Marianne (2022)
  How to help Ukrainian refugees

  [Popular Science Article]. BI Business Review,

• Tangenes, Tor & Nordtømme, Tor Olav (2022)
  Oppgave- og casesamling i økonomi- og virksomhetsstyring

  [Textbook]. Fagbokforlaget

• Renders, Annelies; Fiechter, Peter & Novotny-Farkas, Zoltán (2022)
  Are Level 3 fair value remeasurements useful? Evidence from FAS 157 rollforward disclosures.

  Accounting Review, Doi: https://doi.org/10.2308/TAR-2018-0293

• Rudyk, Alexander; Weiser, Yasmine & Ruud, Flemming (2022)
  DATA ANALYTICAL RISK AND PROCESS ANALYSES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE THREE LINES MODEL

  [Popular Science Article]. Expert Fokus, 96(1) , s. 33-38.

• Mauritzen, Johannes (2022)
  Introduksjon til mikroøkonomi: Interaktive forelesninger

  [Textbook]. Johannes Mauritzen

• Dube, Nonhlanhla; Li, Qiujun, Selviaridis, Kostas & Jahre, Marianne (2022)
  One crisis, different paths to supply resilience: The case of ventilator procurement for the COVID-19 pandemic

  Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 28(5) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pursup.2022.100773 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This research explores supply resilience through an equifinality lens to establish how buying organizations impacted differently by the same extreme event can strategize and all successfully secure supply. We conduct case study research and use secondary data to investigate how three European governments sourced for ventilators during the first wave of COVID-19. The pandemic had an unprecedented impact on the ventilator market. It disrupted already limited supply and triggered a demand surge. We find multiple paths to supply resilience contingent on redundant capacity and local sourcing options at the pandemic's onset. Low redundancy combined with limited local sourcing options is associated with more diverse strategies and flexibility. The most notable strategy is spurring supplier innovation by fostering collaboration among actors in disparate industries. High redundancy combined with multiple local sourcing options is associated with more focused strategies and agility. One (counter-intuitive) strategy is the rationalization of the supply base.

• Engebrethsen, Erna S. & Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane (2022)
  Transportation strategies for dynamic lot sizing: single or multiple modes?

  International Journal of Production Research, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2022.2145516 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  The complexity of decision-making for companies buying transportation services has increased due to the presence of more options and pricing schedules for transportation. Many companies make transportation and inventory decisions in an uncoordinated way and select only one transportation mode, missing opportunities for logistics cost savings. The experimental study in this paper is based on a real-world decision problem faced by a Scandinavian company that distributes fast-moving consumer goods and wants to determine its transportation strategy. We propose a novel multi-mode lot-sizing model with dynamic deterministic demand to illustrate the cost impact of accurately modelling piecewise-linear transportation costs and allowing a more flexible usage of transportation modes when planning order replenishments. We compare three transportation strategies with increasing degrees of flexibility: two single mode strategies, where one strategy is more flexible than the other, and a multi-mode strategy. We conclude that managers can significantly reduce costs by increasing the flexibility of mode selection in transportation strategies.

• Steen, Riana & Pollock, Kevin (2022)
  Effect of Stress on Safety-critical Behaviour: An Examination of combined Resilience Engineering and Naturalistic Decision-making Approaches

  Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, (3) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12393 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Combining the conceptual tools and methods of resilience engineering (RE) with naturalistic decision-making (NDM), in the context of police critical incident command, this study explores the capacity of individual commanders to manage occupational stress during a critical incident or crisis. A case scenario and interviews, together with cognitive task analysis (CTA), are used to investigate how stress affects decision making and performance. The analysis shows: (1) As a social process, sensemaking goes beyond an individual's cognitive capacity. It depends on teams and involves collaboration, sharing and assessing risks and uncertainties. (2) In terms of improvisation, decision-making requires organisational support in training and authorisation. (3) The mechanisms that ensure the synchronisation of activities link to an operational communication strategy grounded on transparency and trust between the parties involved. (4) Individual adaptive capacity also has organisational characteristics. It improves by facilitating and stimulating proactive learning across the organisation. Bringing RE and NDM together clarifies interdependencies. Thus, the gap between the organisational system and the individual's performance might be closed, which improves performances at the sharp end by a feedback loop that reconciles bottom-up and top-down views.

• Hope, Ole-Kristian & Liu, Junhao (2022)
  Does stock liquidity shape voluntary disclosure? Evidence from the SEC tick size pilot program

  Review of accounting studies, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-022-09686-0 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Employing the SEC Tick Size Pilot Program, which increases the minimum trading unit of a set of randomly selected small-capitalization stocks, we examine whether and how an exogenous change in stock liquidity affects corporate voluntary disclosure. Using difference-in-differences analyses with firm fixed effects, we find that treatment firms respond to the liquidity decline by issuing fewer management earnings forecasts, while, in contrast, control firms do not exhibit a significant change. Next we show that the effect is more pronounced when firms experience more severe liquidity decreases during the TSPP and rule out a set of alternative explanations. Further strengthening the identification, we find a consistent reversal effect after the end of the pilot program. To generalize our findings, we use voluntary 8-K filings and conference calls as alternative voluntary disclosure proxies and find similar effects. Overall, these findings show how an exogenous change in stock liquidity shapes the corporate information environment.

• Bleibtreu, Christopher & Stefani, Ulrike (2022)
  The interdependence between market structure and the quality of audited reports: the case of non-audit services

  Review of accounting studies, 29(2) , s. 1524-1574. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-022-09734-9 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This paper addresses the effects of a prohibition of providing non-audit services (NAS) to audit clients. By combining a strategic auditor–client game with a circular market-matching model that has an endogenous number of auditors, we take into account the interdependence between the auditors’ and clients’ incentives, the market structure, and the quality of audited reports. We show that the regulation’s effects depend on the preexisting audit market concentration and the types of blacklisted NAS. In sharp contrast to the effects that regulators desire, a prohibition of providing NAS to audit clients can further increase audit market concentration and decrease the quality of audited reports if the fees that auditors previously earned from providing the blacklisted NAS were relatively high, compared to the reduction in audit costs that result from spillovers. In contrast, a prohibition of the NAS that generate intense spillovers and low NAS fees can have the unexpected—but desired—effect of decreasing market concentration; however, reporting quality also decreases.

• Kisser, Michael & Rapushi, Loreta (2022)
  Equity issues, creditor control and market timing patterns: Evidence from leverage decreasing recapitalizations

  Journal of Empirical Finance, 67, s. 196-216. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jempfin.2022.03.007 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  We contribute to the literature on “market timing” by exploring periods of simultaneous equity issues and debt retirements (a leverage decreasing recapitalization, LDR). Contrary to traditional equity issues, LDRs are predicted by measures of creditor control whereas capital investment has no such predictive power. Nevertheless, LDRs occur after stock price run- ups and in periods of high valuation which subsequently decrease. The valuation dynamics are robust and also obtain for subsamples of LDR firms violating financial covenants. A comparison to debt retirements financed by illiquid asset sales and an analysis of discretionary cost items further corroborates the interpretation that LDR firms successfully “time the market” to finance the debt retirement.

• Steen, Riana & Smørholm, Margaret (2022)
  Økonomi 2- Næringslivsøkonomi, økonomi og ledelse

  [Textbook]. Fagbokforlaget

• Oorschot, Kim E. van; Wassenhove, Luk N. van & Jahre, Marianne (2022)
  Collaboration–competition dilemma in flattening the COVID-19 curve

  Production and operations management, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.13709 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Testing for COVID-19 is a key intervention that supports tracking and isolation to prevent further infections. However, diagnostic tests are a scarce and finite resource, so abundance in one country can quickly lead to shortages in others, creating a competitive landscape. Countries experience peaks in infections at different times, meaning that the need for diagnostic tests also peaks at different moments. This phase lag implies opportunities for a more collaborative approach, although countries might also worry about the risks of future shortages if they help others by reallocating their excess inventory of diagnostic tests. This article features a simulation model that connects three subsystems: COVID-19 transmission, the diagnostic test supply chain, and public policy interventions aimed at flattening the infection curve. This integrated system approach clarifies that, for public policies, there is a time to be risk-averse and a time for risk-taking, reflecting the different phases of the pandemic (contagion vs. recovery) and the dominant dynamic behavior that occurs in these phases (reinforcing vs. balancing). In the contagion phase, policymakers cannot afford to reject extra diagnostic tests and should take what they can get, in line with a competitive mindset. In the recovery phase, policymakers can afford to give away excess inventory to other countries in need (one-sided collaboration). When a country switches between taking and giving, in a form of two-sided collaboration, it can flatten the curve, not only for itself but also for others.

• Christ, Quentin; Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane & Lepelletier, Guillaume (2022)
  A three-step approach for decision support in operational production planning of complex manufacturing systems

  International Journal of Production Research, 61(17) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2022.2118387 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  In this paper, a practical relevant operational production planning problem in complex manufacturing systems is addressed. In this problem, lots are planned individually to provide a more detailed plan than approaches that only consider production quantities. A three-step approach, which is currently fully integrated and used in a Decision Support System, is then introduced. This work follows the one of Mhiri et al. [2018. “Heuristic Algorithm for a WIP Projection Problem at Finite Capacity in Semiconductor Manufacturing.” IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing 31 (1): 62–75] who addressed this problem. We push the approach a step further by introducing new optimisation possibilities through new smoothing rules, whose performance is studied according to different indicators. Furthermore, we present the production planning process in which the decision support tool is embedded and how it bridges the gap between the upper and lower planning levels.

• Gartner, Daniel; Viana, Joe, Tabar, Bahman Rostami , Pförringer, Dominik & Edenharter, Günther (2022)
  Challenging the throwaway culture in hospitals: Scheduling the mix of reusable and Single-Use bronchoscopes

  Journal of the Operational Research Society, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01605682.2022.2129490

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  Optimal material resource planning is crucial to run safe and cost-efficient hospital services. In this article, we investigate a real problem in hospitals, motivated by an environmental and economically inefficient use of disposable, single-use, endoscopes. We develop a mathematical model and create a decision support tool to determine when reusable, multi-use, bronchoscopes should be sent for inspection including information to what extent single-use bronchoscopes can cover the remaining demand. The results show that the proposed approach can contain operational costs which consist of costs for buying single-use devices, inspection costs and reprocessing costs, i.e., sterilization of reusable devices. Our tool can assist hospitals to predict when reusable bronchoscopes should undergo inspection and whether the current inventory of reusable devices is sufficient to cover the demand. Finally, we evaluate the impact of variation in demand on total costs.

• Perraudat, Antoine; Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane & Vialletelle, Philippe (2022)
  Robust tactical qualification decisions in flexible manufacturing systems

  Omega. The International Journal of Management Science, 106 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2021.102537 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  In some flexible manufacturing systems, such as semiconductor manufacturing systems, machines must be qualified, i.e. certified and eligible, to process a product. This paper investigates a tactical capacity planning problem that consists in minimizing the number of (product, machine) qualifications to ensure that the manufacturing system is robust against the uncertainty on the product mix. First, we propose a deterministic modeling of the problem, followed by a robust modeling based on the robust optimization paradigm when demand uncertainty is characterized by product cannibalization. Then, a mathematical model, also based on the robust optimization paradigm, to characterize the robustness of a set of qualifications is introduced. Finally, in the computational study on industrial data, we show that the price of uncertainty is small, often less than a few additional qualifications by machine whereas the robustness of the qualifications determined for the nominal product mix often lead to capacity constraint violations. We also show that a restricted number of new relevant qualifications out of all possible new qualifications is required to achieve the same robustness as the case where all new qualifications are performed. Considering demand uncertainty in qualification management is therefore critical since robustness is relatively cheap.

• Akartunali, Kerem & Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane (2022)
  Dynamic Lot Sizing with Stochastic Demand Timing

  European Journal of Operational Research, 302(1) , s. 221-229. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2021.12.027 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  In this paper, a novel way of modeling uncertainty on demand in the single-item dynamic lot sizing problem is proposed and studied. The uncertainty is not related to the demand quantity, but rather to the demand timing, i.e., the demand fully occurs in a single period of a given time interval with a given probability and no partial delivery is allowed. The problem is first motivated and modeled. Our modeling naturally correlates uncertain demands in different periods contrary to most of the literature in lot sizing. Dynamic programs are then proposed for the general case of multiple demands with stochastic demand timing and for several special cases. We also show that the most general case where the backlog cost depends both on the time period and the stochastic demand is NP-hard.

• Lang, Wei; Lang, Hao, Hui, Eddie C.M., Chen, Tingting, Wu, Jiemin & Jahre, Marianne (2022)
  Measuring urban vibrancy of neighborhood performance using social media data in Oslo, Norway

  Cities: The International Journal of Urban Policy and Planning, 131 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103908

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  The recent debate on urban vibrancy and its associated spatial characteristics worldwide has increasingly attracted the attention of planners and decision-makers in Norway and the European Union seeking to develop compact cities. This study investigated the spatial pattern of urban vibrancy associated with urban form and the determinants in Oslo, Norway. A total of 552 km2 of the Oslo central metropolitan area was classified into 12 neighborhood groups and a data-driven methodology was applied via SPSS, Python, and ArcGIS to analyze urban vibrancy, where each cell was denoted as a 1 km2 area of 24 variables. As a result of clustering via principal component analysis, six principal components were extracted with 12 critical factors. Results indicated that the location and distribution of commercial buildings, public buildings, residential buildings, and companies and the total population are the most important drivers of neighborhood vibrancy in Oslo. Vibrant neighborhoods usually appear in high-density, central urban areas with a high concentration of commercial and public buildings with various functions along main streets. In contrast, less vibrant neighborhoods have fewer service facilities and are surrounded by single residential areas, large venues, green spaces, vacant land, or land for transportation in the low-density suburban and semi-urbanized areas. This research offers a quantitative basis for a wider range of neighborhood performance assessments, provides a discussion of compact city theory, and draws the attention of decision-makers on planning policy at the neighborhood level, which can also be adapted to other European cities.

• Perraudat, Antoine; Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane & Vialletelle, Philippe (2022)
  Optimizing multiple qualifications of products on non-identical parallel machines

  Computers & Operations Research, 144 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2022.105813 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  In some manufacturing contexts, such as semiconductor manufacturing, machines must be qualified, or eligible, to process a product, and machines cannot be qualified for all products. This paper investigates the problem of optimizing a given number of new qualifications of products to machines to maximize a flexibility measure that evaluates the balance of the qualification configuration of a work center in terms of utilization rate of machines on a set of non-identical parallel machines. Motivated by empirical observations, new solution approaches, notably inspired by heuristics for discrete location problems and based on the analysis of dual variables, are proposed and compared on industrial data from a semiconductor manufacturing facility and on randomly instances. The use of dual variables leads to heuristics that are effective both in terms of solution quality and computational time. The best proposed approach is currently used in the decision support system of a semiconductor manufacturing facility.

• Cantelmi, Raffaele; Steen, Riana, Gravio, Giulio Di & Patriarca, Riccardo (2022)
  Resilience in emergency management: Learning from COVID-19 in oil and gas platforms

  International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 76 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103026

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  Emergency or crisis management, both in civilian or military context, is regarded as a complex socio-technical system, whose dynamic nature and complexity require a holistic approach. Over time, scholars developed diverse strategies and methods to capture such complexity and effectively design emergency plans for more or less severe disasters scenarios. Nonetheless, planning is not always an omni-comprehensive task, pushing organizations to stretch their adaptive capacities in dynamic and challenging settings. This manuscript explores such adaptive capacity as put in place by a leading Norwegian organization in providing emergency management solutions, facing unexpected challenges (at the time of the event): handling of Covid-19 infection episodes on offshore oil platforms. The study, conducted through the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) highlights the relevance of organizational learning which allows to handle emergencies by adapting plans to the specific context and by renewing new emergency management procedures derived from lessons learned. The study focuses on three different Covid-19 infection management cases to understand the nuances of actions and emerging adaptations that led to the development of a revised of an emergency plan, seen again through the lens of FRAM. While the methodological approach refers to Covid-19 infection management, we believe it can be extended into larger crisis management, providing a use case for the applicability of FRAM into emergency management scenarios.

• Penz, Louise; Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane & Nattaf, Margaux (2022)
  Minimizing the sum of completion times on a single machine with health index and flexible maintenance operations

  Computers & Operations Research, 151 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2022.106092 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This paper is motivated by the development of Industry 4.0 and the need to better integrate production and maintenance decisions. Our problem considers a single machine on which jobs of different families are scheduled to minimize the sum of completion times. The machine has a health index which decreases when jobs are processed. To restore the machine health, maintenance operations must be scheduled. Moreover, to be scheduled, each job requires the machine to have a minimum health index which depends on the job family. Two cases are studied: (1) The daily case with a single flexible maintenance operation, and (2) The weekly case with two flexible maintenance operations. The second case is shown to be NP-complete. Two Mixed Integer Linear Programming models are presented for each case. The first model uses ‘‘classical’’ positional variables, while the second model improves the first model by using the notion of master sequence. Different valid inequalities are also proposed. Computational experiments show that the second model is much more efficient than the first model when solved with a standard solver, and the impact of the valid inequalities is discussed.

• Ding, Junwen; Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane, Shen, Liji & Lü, Zhipeng (2022)
  A Novel Evolutionary Algorithm for Energy-Efficient Scheduling in Flexible Job Shops

  IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 27(5) , s. 1470-1484. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/TEVC.2022.3222791 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Improving productivity at the expense of heavy energy consumption is often no longer possible in modern manufacturing industries. Through efficient scheduling technologies, however, we are able to still maintain high productivity while reducing energy costs. This paper addresses a flexible job shop scheduling problem under Time-Of-Use electricity tariffs with the objective of minimizing total energy consumption while considering a predefined makespan constraint. We propose a novel two-individual-based evolutionary (TIE) algorithm, which incorporates several distinguishing features such as a tabu search procedure, a topological order based recombination operator, a new neighborhood structure for this specific problem, and an approximate neighborhood evaluation method. Extensive experiments are conducted on widely used benchmark instances, which show that the proposed TIE outperforms traditional trajectory-based and population-based methods. We also analyze the key features of TIE to identify its critical success factors, and discuss the impact of varying key parameters of the problem to derive practical insights.

• Bygballe, Lena Elisabeth; Dubois, Anna & Jahre, Marianne (2022)
  The importance of resource interaction in strategies for managing supply chain disruptions

  Journal of Business Research, 154 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113333 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  The turbulent business environment highlights the need for strategies for mitigating, responding to, and recovering from (that is, managing) supply chain disruptions. Resources are central in these strategies but remain unspecified in the literature. This paper shows how the resource interaction approach (RIA) can help understanding resources in this setting by acknowledging their interactive and networked nature. Based on a conceptual discussion that compares key assumptions within the supply chain risk management (SCRM) and supply chain risk resilience (SCRes) literatures with the RIA, we propose an alternative approach to strategies for managing supply chain disruptions. We challenge the SCRM and SCRes literatures by emphasizing interdependence (as opposed to independence) and pointing to relationships as key resources in strategies for managing supply chain disruptions. Collaboration relying on an interplay between temporary and permanent organizing is suggested as a starting point instead of being just one of several alternative strategies.

• Oorschot, Kim E. van; Akkermans, Henk A. , Wassenhove, Luk N. van & Wang, Yan (2022)
  Organizing for Permanent Beta: Performance Measurement Before versus Performance Monitoring After Release of Digital Services

  International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOPM-03-2021-0211 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Purpose Due to the complexity of digital services, companies are increasingly forced to offer their services “in permanent beta”, requiring continuous fine-tuning and updating. Complexity makes it extremely difficult to predict when and where the next service disruption will occur. The authors examine what this means for performance measurement in digital service supply chains. Design/methodology/approach The authors use a mixed-method research design that combines a longitudinal case study of a European digital TV service provider and a system dynamics simulation analysis of that service provider's digital service supply chain. Findings With increased levels of complexity, traditional performance measurement methods, focused on detection of software bugs before release, become fragile or futile. The authors find that monitoring the performance of the service after release, with fast mitigation when service incidents are discovered, appears to be superior. This involves organizational change when traditional methods, like quality assurance, become less important. Research limitations/implications The performance of digital services needs to be monitored by combining automated data collection about the status of the service with data interpretation using human expertise. Investing in human expertise is equally important as investing in automated processes. Originality/value The authors draw on unique empirical data collected from a digital service provider's struggle with performance measurement of its service over a period of nine years. The authors use simulations to show the impact of complexity on staff allocation.

• Frennesson, Lina; Kembro, Joakim, Vries, Harwin de, Jahre, Marianne & Wassenhove, Luk Van (2022)
  “International humanitarian organizations’ perspectives on localization efforts”

  International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 83 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103410 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  The humanitarian sector has formulated a collective strategic intent to localize. This involves delegating responsibilities and transferring capacities and resources to national and local actors. However, progress is slower than expected. Strategy execution is hard, and translating a general strategic intent to the actual way humanitarian organizations operate is not obvious. To suggest remedies for the slow progress, this paper investigates drivers and barriers for international humanitarian organizations (IHOs) to localize their logistics preparedness capacities. It is essential to understand IHOs' perspectives as they are global and powerful actors in the humanitarian sector and by far represent the largest recipients of donor funds. We focus on logistics since it constitutes key activities of strong local contextual character, such as procurement, warehousing, and transport. By interviewing practitioners from a representative set of large IHOs, and connecting the empirical insights with relevant theory, we unravel reasons that hinder localization. These include IHOs' strategic choices due to context-sensitive benefits of localization, mandated expectations on IHOs, the lack of internal drivers for IHOs to localize, and resistance to localize due to IHOs’ desire and motives for continued engagement in humanitarian aid. Based on these insights, actionable propositions are developed to help accelerate progress toward localization.

• Charles, Mehdi; Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane, Kedad-Sidhoum, Safia & Mazhoud, Issam (2022)
  Motivations and analysis of the capacitated lot-sizing problem with setup times and minimum and maximum ending inventories

  European Journal of Operational Research, 302(1) , s. 203-220. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2021.12.017 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This paper first analyzes the negative impact of the end-of-horizon effect when solving the capacitated multi-item lot-sizing problem with setup costs and times on a rolling horizon. Maximum ending inventories for items and a global minimum ending inventory are considered to define a new optimization problem whose optimal solutions are much less impacted by the end-of-horizon effect. Then, a generation scheme is proposed to create new instances with initial inventories and ending inventories. This scheme relies on the analysis of the cyclical production planning problem to derive relevant parameters. Computational experiments are carried out to compare the solutions obtained for original instances of the literature and for the new instances, and to analyze the relevance of the new instances on a rolling horizon.

• Oorschot, Kim van; Wassenhove, Luk N. Van, Jahre, Marianne, Selviaridis, Kostas & Vries, Harwin de (2022)
  Drug shortages: A systems view of the current state

  Decision Sciences, 53(6) , s. 969-984. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/deci.12583 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  The objective of this thought leadership article is to create a systems view of drug shortages based on the perceptions of practitioners and policymakers. We develop a comprehensive framework describing what stakeholders are currently doing when faced with drug shortages and show the outcomes of their actions. In a review of practitioner literature and public reports published from 2010 to 2020, we identify cause-and-effect relationships related to generic drug shortages in six high-income European countries (Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the UK) in normal times. By combining and connecting data from these different sources, we develop a systems view of the current state. Though several of the associations covered in the systems view are well known, putting them all together and considering their interrelationships is what is offered by this research. Based on this systems view, we derive three basic solution archetypes for drug shortages: (1) let the market handle it; (2) search for alternatives; and (3) bend the rules. The interactions between these archetypes generate causal ambiguity making it harder to understand and solve the problem as the side effects of solutions can be missed. We show how the interaction of archetypes can compromise intended behavior or escalate unintended behavior. However, our systems view allows us to suggest higher-level solution archetypes that overrule such side effects. The basic and higher-order solution archetypes can provide baselines for research and support the development of future interventions.

• Hope, Ole-Kristian; Rao, Pingui, Xu, Yanping & Yue, Heng (2022)
  Information sharing between mutual funds and auditors

  Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 50(1-2) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jbfa.12636 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This paper examines whether there is information sharing between mutual funds and their auditors about the auditors’ other listed firm clients. Using data from the Chinese market, we find that mutual funds earn higher profits from trading in firms that share the same auditors. The effects are more pronounced when firms have a more opaque information environment and when the audit partners for the fund and the partners for the listed firm share school ties. The evidence is consistent with information flowing from auditors to mutual funds, providing mutual funds with an information advantage in firms that share the same auditors. Our findings are robust to the use of audit-firm mergers and acquisitions (M&As) as exogenous shocks and several other robustness checks. We further find that auditors benefit by charging higher audit fees for mutual fund clients and by improving their audit quality for listed firm clients. Our study provides evidence of bi-directional information sharing between two important market intermediaries.

• Hope, Ole-Kristian; Li, Congcong, Ma, Mark Shuai & Su, Xijiang (2022)
  Is silence golden sometimes? Management guidance withdrawals during the COVID-19 pandemic

  Review of accounting studies, , s. 1-42. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-022-09698-w - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  The many management guidance withdrawals during the COVID-19 pandemic have attracted considerable attention from the media, investors, and regulators. This study analyzes the determinants and consequences of these withdrawals. We find that guidance withdrawals are due to economic uncertainty, resulting from firms’ exposure to the COVID-19 pandemic rather than poor financial performance. Also, the effect of COVID-19 exposure on guidance withdrawals is stronger when firms face higher litigation risk. Further, guidance withdrawals result in abnormally large trading volumes and high analyst forecast dispersion but do not harm stock prices or the level of analyst earnings forecasts. Overall we believe the findings have implications for understanding corporate disclosure practices during periods with heightened economic uncertainty.

• Che, Limei; Myllymäki, Emma-Riikka & Svanstrøm, Tobias (2022)
  Auditors’ self-assessment of engagement quality and the role of stakeholder priority

  Accounting and Business Research, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2021.2001638 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This study investigates auditors’ assessment of the quality of their own audit engagements, utilising survey data gathered from a Big Four audit firm in Sweden. We first examine to what extent auditors’ self-reported audit quality threatening behaviours (AQTBs) in the audit process are reflected in their assessment of overall audit quality (OAQ). The results indicate that AQTBs overall and all individual AQTBs are associated with quality assessment, though with variations in their significances. Second, we examine whether AQTBs and OAQ are associated with an auditor’s stakeholder priority, i.e. which stakeholder the auditor considers as her highest priority in the audit work. We find that auditors who consider the employer as the highest priority report more AQTBs. However, priorities are not related to OAQ. Furthermore, auditors prioritising the client or employer tend to assess the overall audit quality as being higher than what the AQTBs would suggest (i.e. they over-assess the quality). Interestingly, the findings regarding priorities are only evident among partners. In sum, the findings of this study provide important insights on how auditors themselves assess their audit quality, and on the role of auditors’ stakeholder priorities.

• Lyngstadås, Hakim & Berg, Terje (2022)
  Harder, better, faster, stronger: digitalisation and employee well-being in the operations workforce

  Production planning & control (Print), , s. 1-18. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2022.2153735 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Operations management is experiencing a digital transformation that affects the entire industry landscape. There has been scant research on how digitalisation affects employee well-being in the operations workforce. Using self-determination theory, we bridge this research gap by examining how basic psychological needs among the operations workforce are affected by digitalisation. Our empirical data is collected by a survey from 132 employees in the operations job function in the U.S. The empirical evidence is analysed in a configurational manner by using a fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis. Our findings suggest there are five empirical important empirical solutions for explaining the presence of employee well-being, as well as four important empirical solutions for the absence (negation) of employee well-being. Our configurational solution consists mostly of both digital competence, social relatedness, and digital autonomy. This is in accordance with the self-determination theory. However, there are several alterations to how important they are among different configurational solutions. The presence of well-being in life and psychological well-being seems less relevant for obtaining well-being at work. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our findings and provide recommendations to managers for how to promote employee well-being.

• Bø, Eirill & Mjøsund, Christian S. (2022)
  Use of GPS-data to improve transport solutions in a cost and environmental perspective

  Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives (TRIP), 13(March) , s. 1-10. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2022.100557 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  In this paper we have utilised GPS data as a base to track truck movements and analyse transport activities. Combined with a Decision Support Tool we have investigated how different transport solutions affect the transport cost and CO2 emissions. The information gained from GPS-data helps firms such as a fruit and vegetables wholesaler to gain better insights into their transport solution and operations from a cost and environmental perspective. This also means that the current analysis remains useful for the transporting company in making strategic decisions as to when and where they should engage in other transport assignments to improve the load factors on their trucks. This paper presents that the picture the decision-makers had prior to GPS data being used was different from the real situation, and the insights gained lead to new knowledge and actions. As a result, this would contribute to greener and more cost-efficient solutions.

• Bø, Eirill; Hovi, Inger Beate & Pinchasik, Daniel Ruben (2022)
  COVID-19 disruptions and Norwegian food and pharmaceutical supply chains: Insights into supply chain risk management, resilience, and reliability

  Sustainable Futures, 5(December 2023) , s. 1-11. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2022.100102 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  The purpose of this study is to investigate how the COVID-19 crisis affected delivery security and firms’ preparedness and responses in Norway. Investigations focus on supply chains which were critical for maintaining the supply of essential goods when large parts of society closed down. This includes four firms belonging to food and pharmaceutical industries, representing different parts of the respective supply chains, and covering imports, exports, domestic distribution, and home-delivery services. The originality of this article is that we employ theoretical models on supply chain risk management, resilience and reliability in conjunction, where these are usually used separately. Recognizing links, overlaps, and complementarity between the models, and using them step-by-step, we exploit synergies that enable more comprehensive assessments of strengths and weaknesses in firms’ supply chains, covering gaps, prioritizing between improvement areas, and collecting input towards detailed, actionable risk mitigation actions. Investigations build on semi-structured interviews, systematically covering the formative elements for each of the models. Using the models in conjunction, we compare the firms and identify differences, similarities, strengths, and weaknesses in the consequences of pandemic-related disruptions and how firms approached the challenges. The main challenges for the firms were sudden demand changes early in the pandemic. While the firms had minor differences, their pre-pandemic contingency plans were generally not actionable or detailed enough, nor prepared for the pandemic's longevity. Therefore, more detailed and long-term guidelines are desirable, noting the importance and interrelationships of elements of supply chain risk management, resilience, and reliability. A common feature for all firms, and crucial for handling disruptions, is the importance of good and long-term relationships with upstream and downstream supply chain partners and the need for improving contingency plans and future resilience.

• Walrave, Bob; Dolmans, Sharon, Oorschot, Kim E. van, Nuijten, Arno L. P. , Keil, Mark & Hellemond, Stefan van (2022)
  Dysfunctional Agile-Stage-Gate Hybrid Development: Keeping Up Appearances

  International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management (IJITM), 19(3) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219877022400041 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Increasingly, the development of today’s “smart” products requires the integration of both software and hardware in embedded systems. To develop these, hardware firms typically enlist the expertise of software development firms to offer integrated solutions. While hardware firms often work according to a plan-driven approach, software development firms draw on Agile development methods. Interestingly, empirically little is known about the implications and consequences of working according to contrasting development methods in a collaborative project. In response to this research gap, we conducted a process study of a collaborative development project involving a software firm and a hardware firm, within which the two firms worked according to contrasting development methods. We found that the software firm was gradually compelled to forgo its Agile method, creating a role conflict in terms of its way of working. As such, our results contribute to the literature on Agile–Stage-Gate hybrids by demonstrating how, in collaborative embedded systems development, hybridization of development methods may cause projects to fail. Our main practical implication entails the introduction of the “sequential Agile approach.”

• Cahan, Steven F.; Che, Limei, Knechel, W. Robert & Svanstrøm, Tobias (2022)
  Do Audit Teams Affect Audit Production and Quality? Evidence from Audit Teams’ Industry Knowledge

  Contemporary Accounting Research, 39(4) , s. 2657-2695. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12807 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  We examine how the extent and distribution of industry knowledge within an audit team affect audit outcomes. While prior research examining the role of auditors' industry knowledge focuses mainly on audit firms, audit offices, and audit partners, audits are conducted by audit teams. Using an audit framework and proprietary data from a Big 4 firm that includes audit hours for each team member, we find that Big 4 audit teams with higher average industry knowledge are associated with more audit effort. In contrast, we find mixed evidence on the relation between the average hourly internal cost rate and team knowledge. Furthermore, we find that balanced teams, which have at least one team member who qualifies as an industry specialist at both the senior rank and junior rank, produce higher-quality audits than teams that have no specialists. In contrast, the audit quality of unbalanced teams, which have a specialist at the senior rank but not the junior rank or vice versa, is not statistically different than teams with no specialists. Overall, our evidence suggests that both the extent and distribution of industry knowledge within a team matter for audit production and that industry knowledge is utilized more effectively when it is spread throughout the team. The findings have useful implications for audit firms and regulators regarding how team composition and industry knowledge affect audit outcomes.

• Steen, Riana; Haakonsen, Geir & Patriarca, Riccardo (2022)
  'Samhandling': On the nuances of resilience through case study research in emergency response operations

  Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 30(3) , s. 257-269. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12416 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Standard emergency-management procedures offer guidance on how organizations can improve their handling of all types of emergencies. However, such a generalization undermines uncertainties and oversimplifies the complexity of real work practices during an emergency response operation (ERO). The handling of the COVID-19 pandemic highlights how uncertainty and escalating consequences reinforce the need for resilience in EROs. To illustrate the key elements of our suggested approach and its practical implications, we discuss the issues in light of a case study related to a COVID-19 outbreak on a floating oil rig in the North Sea. The analysis reveals several instances of creative problem solving, and individual and collective efforts beyond the scope of the standard procedures. It also underlines how the shortcomings of resource allocation and over-planning might lead to inflexibility, thus harming EROs' efficiency. Our analysis highlights that the key to resilient EROs lies in robust coordination, the ability to improvise, transparency, and trusting communication between the actors involved. Greater focus on network building—proactively maintained through regular training and exercise activities—strengthens resilience in emergency-management systems. All these traits link to the Norwegian term “samhandling,” a notion which is here proposed to summarize and connect these resilience capacities.

• Lyng, Kari-Anne Kallerud; Flygansvær, Bente, Baxter, John, Prestrud, Kjersti, Bø, Eirill & Bugge, Markus (2022)
  OR.38.22 Sluttrapport for forskningsprosjektet Innovativ Avfallslogistikk

  [Report Research]. Norsus

• Hope, Ole-Kristian; Wang, Danye, Yue, Heng & Zhao, Jianyu (2022)
  Information Quality and Workplace Safety

  Journal of Management Accounting Research, 34(1) , s. 133-162. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2308/JMAR-2020-079 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This paper examines the effect of internal information quality on workplace safety. Using establishmentlevel data on workplace injuries from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and employing a strict fixed-effects structure, we show that higher information quality is associated with significantly lower work-related injury rates. Further investigation reveals that the effect is stronger when more decision rights reside in headquarters, weaker when employees have greater bargaining power, and weaker when firms are subject to financial constraints. Our findings are robust to the use of two plausibly exogenous shocks and other robustness checks. Our study suggests an important economic consequence of information quality not examined by prior literature.

• Baksaas, Kjell Magne; Stenheim, Tonny, Schwencke, Hans Robert & Handeland, Øyvind (2022)
  Hovedrevisjon av kommentarer til Regnskapsloven - Norsk Lovkommentar

  [Professional Article]. Norsk Lovkommentar,

• Oorschot, Kim van; Nujen, Bella B., Solli-Sæther, Hans Arthur & Mwesiumo, Deodat Edward (2022)
  The complexity of post-mergers and acquisitions reorganization : integration and differentiation

  Global Strategy Journal, 13(3) , s. 673-699. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1454 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This article applies a mixed-method approach to explore the complexities of post-mergers and acquisitions (M&A) integration processes. Extant literature provides significant insights regarding the impact of task and human integration and their influence on post-integration processes. However, the literature often fails to differentiate between subelements of these two dimensions. This article investigates task and human integration in a cross-border M&A aimed at efficiency and innovativeness. We highlight the importance of a clear distinction between two subelements of task integration (product harmonization and structural integration) and show that different interorganizational contexts matter. Consequently, we propose a conceptual framework based on two contextual characteristics—source of synergy and choice of location—suggesting that different integration approaches should be applied simultaneously in different contexts of the same post-M&A organization.

• Ahlqvist, Victoria; Dube, Nonhlanhla, Jahre, Marianne, Lee, Jin Soo, Melaku, Tsegaye, Moe, Andreas Farstad, Olivier, Max, Selviaridis, Kostas, Viana, Joe & Årdal, Christine Oline (2022)
  Supply chain risk management strategies in normal and abnormal times: policymakers' role in reducing generic medicine shortages

  International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-12-2021-0511 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This paper links supply chain risk management to medicine supply chains to explore the role of policymakers in employing supply chain risk management strategies (SCRMS) to reduce generic medicine shortages. Using secondary data supplemented with primary data, we map and compare seven countries’ SCRMS for handling shortage risks in their paracetamol supply chains before and during the first two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Consistent with recent research, the study finds that policymakers had implemented few SCRMS specifically for responding to disruptions caused by COVID-19. However, shortages were largely avoided since multiple strategies for coping with business-as-usual disruptions had been implemented prior to the pandemic. We did find that SCRMS implemented during COVID-19 were not always aligned with those implemented pre-pandemic. We also found that policymakers played both direct and indirect roles. Combining longitudinal secondary data with interviews sheds light on how, regardless of the level of preparedness during normal times, SCRMS can be leveraged to avert shortages in abnormal times. However, the problem is highly complex, which warrants further research Supply chain professionals and policymakers in the healthcare sector can use the findings when developing preparedness and response plans. The insights developed can help policymakers improve the availability of high-volume generic medicines in (ab)normal times. We contribute to prior SCRM research in two ways. First, we operationalize SCRMS in the medicine supply chain context in (ab)normal times, thereby opening avenues for future research on SCRM in this context. Second, we develop insights on the role policymakers play and how they directly implement and indirectly influence the adoption of SCRMS. Based on our findings, we develop a framework that captures the diverse roles of policymakers in SCRM.

• Khadri, Ines Julia & Viana, Joe (2022)
  Simulation of IT Data Integration to Optimize an Antibiotics Supply Chain with System Dynamics

  Winter simulation conference : proceedings, , s. 1569-1580. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/WSC57314.2022.10015258

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  Supply chain (SC) optimization is essential for a firm to cope with everchanging market conditions and disruptions. New technologies have allowed for more advanced supply chain optimization. This paper uses system dynamics (SD) simulation to model the effects of data integration technologies on an antibiotic (AB) SC operation. The study aims to improve the AB SC to benefit all relevant stakeholders including the patient population. We evaluate how IT integration technologies can improve communication across the SC to mitigate or reduce the impact of the of disruptions on AB users. The presented model is under development and is subject to structural and parametric changes as discussions continue with stakeholders about the system structure and what data can be used and disclosed. Despite extensive SC optimization literature there has been a growing call of an evidence base to support decision making relating to national medicine policies.

• Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane & Nonås, Sigrid Lise (2022)
  An improved decision support model for scheduling production in an engineer-to-order manufacturer

  4OR, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10288-022-00508-2 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This paper outlines a mathematical model to solve a scheduling problem for a company engineering and producing propellers to order. Nonås and Olsen (Comput Oper Res 32(9):2351–2382, 2005) have previously introduced a Mixed Integer Programming model for this production setting with the objective of minimizing the total tardiness. The mathematical model could however not be used to solve realistic sized problem instances, because of the very large solution time. We propose a new time indexed formulation that can solve most industrial problem instances in less than 10 min. This work is further extended by taking into account limited storage capacity and by proposing different methods to balance between total tardiness and maximum tardiness. We illustrate how the solution time and the criteria change for different setups of the mathematical model and suggest which setup to use for different scenarios. The paper also discusses how the new model can be extended to include unexpected events such as emergency orders and unavailable production equipment.

• Flygansvær, Bente Merete; Samuelsen, Asta Gjetø & Støyle, Rebecka Våge (2021)
  The power of nudging: how adaptations in reverse logistics systems can improve end-consumer recycling behavior

  International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 51(9) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-12-2020-0389 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Purpose Research shows a recycling behavior gap where end consumers are positive towards recycling but do not act in accordance with their intentions. Such a gap creates challenges for reverse logistics systems. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how adaptations in reverse logistics systems towards end consumers-turned-suppliers can improve recycling behavior. Design/methodology/approach A framework with three propositions is developed and evaluated empirically using a two-group dependent post-test quasi-experimental design. The empirical setting is recycling of household waste. Three interventions are evaluated as: (1) the social norms nudge, (2) the distance nudge and (3) the availability nudge. Findings The results show that nudging improved recycling action behavior for the experimental group. Control group behavior remained constant. Research limitations/implications This paper suggests that the end-consumer’s role as suppliers needs to be included more actively into reverse logistics systems for products to enter the preferred loops of recycling in the circular economy. Originality/value A new field of climate psychology is used to explain challenges in reverse logistics systems and nudging is demonstrated as a tool with which to deal with them. The study also shows how quasi-experiments can be applied in logistics research.

• Beraudy, Sébastien; Absi, Nabil & Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane (2021)
  Timed route approaches for large multi-product multi-step capacitated production planning problems

  European Journal of Operational Research, 300(2) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2021.08.011 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  In complex systems that can be found in semiconductor manufacturing, linear programming production planning models must consider many products with hundreds of production steps to be performed on hundreds of machines. To deal with this complexity and solve problems with flexible lead times in a reasonable CPU time, the new concept of timed route is introduced. In a timed route, each production step of a product is associated with a specific time period. A new formulation relying on timed routes is then proposed. Because the number of feasible timed routes can grow exponentially, a column generation approach is presented. Algorithms to generate relevant timed routes are given, and their complexity analyzed. Computational experiments on industrial data with different lead time profiles, fixed lead times and flexible lead times, show that computational times are very significantly reduced when using our approaches, by 92% on average and even divided by more than 1,000 in some cases. The advantages of timed routes are also discussed.

• Kisser, Michael & Rapushi, Loreta (2021)
  Equity Issues, Creditor Control and Market Timing Patterns: Evidence from Leverage Decreasing Recapitalizations

  [Report Research]. SSRN

• Bitar, Abdoul; Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane & Yugma, Claude (2021)
  Unrelated parallel machine scheduling with new criteria: Complexity and models

  Computers & Operations Research, 132 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2021.105291 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  In this paper, a scheduling problem on non-identical parallel machines with auxiliary resources and sequence-dependent and machine-dependent setup times is studied. This problem can be found in various manufacturing contexts, and in particular in workshops of wafer manufacturing facilities. Three different criteria are defined and analyzed: The number of products completed before the end of a given time horizon, the weighted sum of completion times and the number of auxiliary resource moves. The first criterion is maximized, while the two others are minimized. The first and the third criteria are not classical in scheduling theory, but are justified in industrial settings. The complexity of the problem with each of the new criteria is characterized. Integer linear programming models are also proposed and numerical experiments are conducted to analyze their behavior.

• Sundgren, Stefan & Svanstrøm, Tobias (2021)
  Regulatory sanction risk and going-concern reporting practices: evidence for privately held firms

  Accounting and Business Research, 52(4) , s. 377-416. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2021.1931799 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  We study the temporal evolution of going-concern reporting from 2004 to 2013 and test whether sanction risk is related to the likelihood of a going-concern opinion using samples of privately held firms. In 2009, the Supervisory Board of Public Accountants (SBPA) in Sweden started to issue significantly more going-concern-related disciplinary sanctions, and we test whether and how auditors at different audit firms adjust their reporting practices (Type I and Type II errors) in response to the increased sanction risk. Our findings reveal that auditors are more likely to issue going-concern opinions to bankrupt and non-bankrupt firms when the sanction risk is higher, suggesting that sanction risk is positively associated with conservatism in auditors’ reporting. Furthermore, we find that auditors at Big 4 firms alter their reporting to conservative more than non-Top 7 firms when sanction risk increases. Finally, results on the informativeness of going-concern opinions indicate that a going-concern opinion increases the bankruptcy probability during both the lower and higher sanction risk periods, but the impact is higher under the higher sanction risk period.

• Hope, Ole-Kristian & Su, Xijiang (2021)
  Peer-level analyst transitions

  Journal of Corporate Finance, 70 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2021.102072 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This study examines the effect of peer-level analyst transitions (i.e., switching between brokerage houses) on associated regular incumbent analysts' forecasting performance. We employ a difference-in-differences research design with analyst fixed effects and compare incumbent analysts of different groups within the same broker and same time periods. We find that incumbents who cover at least one common industry as the transiting analyst (i.e., affected incumbents) issue more accurate and timely forecasts after a transiting analyst arrives than incumbents who cover different industries (i.e., unaffected incumbents). Further, affected incumbents issue less accurate forecasts after a transiting analyst leaves than do unaffected incumbents. We also examine potential mechanisms of knowledge spillover and find some evidence that the effect is more salient when the transiting analyst switches from a larger brokerage house, has greater industry scope, or covers geographically linked firms.

• Vries, Harwin de; Jahre, Marianne, Selviaridis, Kostas, Oorschot, Kim Van & Wassenhove, Luk N. Van (2021)
  A review of scientific and grey literature on medicine shortages and the need for a research agenda in Operations and Supply Chain Management

  [Report Research]. Handelshøyskolen BI

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  High-income countries are facing a significant and worsening drug shortage problem. This position paper argues that operations and supply chain management (OSCM) could (and perhaps should) be used more widely to help address this issue: 1) the problem has significant societal impacts, 2) it poses complex questions for stakeholders and finding answers is challenging due to the complex and dynamic nature of drug supply chains, 3) OSCM scholars are well positioned to provide answers, and 4) the problem introduces fundamentally new research directions for OSCM. To substantiate this, we carried out a review of key stakeholder reports from six European countries and a systematic review of academic literature. These show that there is no real agreement among stakeholders about what causes the shortages and that there are few academic studies that examine this. We also show that stakeholders have suggested many different government measures – ranging from ‘reshoring production’ to revising procurement policies and increasing stock levels – but that there is little research that provides evidence on their comparative cost-effectiveness. Based on our findings, we discuss three promising research directions to which our discipline could contribute.

• Steen, Riana & Rønningsbakk, Bernt (2021)
  Emergent Learning During Crisis: A case study of the Arctic Circle border crossing at Storskog in Norway

  Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy (RHCPP), 12(2) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/rhc3.12211 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This explorative study addresses emergent learning related to the refugee crisis in Norway in 2015. We define emergent learning as organizational learning that occurs as a benign by‐product of solving immediate problems as they arise. The study is based mainly on secondary data; media coverage, public evaluation report, and other public documentation. The results from empirical research confirm that emergent learning has had a profound influence on how the Storskog crisis in 2015 was managed. Our findings also reveal suboptimal problem solving, insufficient management capacity, and public organizations who were not prepared to respond fast enough.

• Flygansvær, Bente Merete; Bygballe, Lena Elisabeth & Harrison, Debbie (2021)
  Hvordan få kraft i bærekraft?

  Magma forskning og viten, nr 5(5) , s. 104-110. - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Bærekraft er et ord som favner bredt. Faglitteraturen kaller det den tredelte bunnlinjen, der bærekraft skal gi positive gevinster på samfunns-, bedrifts- og individnivå. For bedrifter innebærer det at man skal realisere gevinster for bedriften selv, men også for miljøet og samfunnet. Denne kompleksiteten gjør det krevende å konkretisere og gjennomføre nye løsninger, og resultatet blir at bærekraft er noe det er lett å snakke om, men vanskelig å gjøre. I denne artikkelen tar vi utgangspunkt i et samarbeid mellom tre aktører om en ny løsning for bærekraftig massehåndtering[1] til og fra bygg- og anleggsprosjekter (BA) i Oslo. Gjennom å mobilisere sine respektive ressurser har aktørene utviklet en løsning som involverer gjenvinning av slike masser og mindre CO2-utslipp knyttet til transport av disse. Men aktørene har støtt på utfordringer i økosystemet rundt, og løsningen er enda ikke realisert. Vi diskuterer dette eksempelet i lys av et industrielt nettverksperspektiv og argumenterer for at mobilisering av ressurser på det vi kan kalle bedriftsnivå, ikke er tilstrekkelig for å realisere bærekraftige løsninger – det må også skje i det omliggende økosystemet. Mobilisering på bedriftsnivå kan imidlertid skape ny dynamikk og gi utviklingsmuligheter som på lengre sikt kan bidra til å realisere slike bærekraftige løsninger.

• Bygballe, Lena Elisabeth; Flygansvær, Bente Merete, Harrison, Debbie & Soldal, Olav B. (2021)
  Hvordan få til sirkulær massehåndtering for bygg- og anleggsprosjekter i Oslo-området?

  [Report Research]. Handelshøyskolen BI

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  Dette forprosjektet har hatt som formål å identifisere interessante aspekter og problemstillinger knyttet til spørsmålet: Hvordan kan man få til sirkulær massehåndtering til og fra bygg- og anleggsprosjekter i Oslo-området? For å svare på spørsmålet, har vi ved Handelshøyskolen BI gjennomført en casestudie av et konsept for massehåndtering på Grønlia i Oslo havn i regi Skanska Industrial Solutions (SIS) i samarbeid med Oslo Havn KF og AF Decom. Konseptet er fortsatt ikke realisert, og ligger til politisk klagebehandling etter avslag i plan- og bygningsetaten i Oslo kommune, men caset representerer et interessant eksempel på hva som skal til for å utvikle og implementere sirkulære løsninger for massehåndtering. I tillegg til Grønlia-konseptet, er det flere andre pågående initiativer som er satt i gang i løpet av de siste årene med tanke på å håndtere utfordringen med masser i Oslo-området. Dette vitner om at problemstillingen har blitt satt på agendaen, både på politisk- og næringsnivå samt blant ulike interessegrupper. Grønlia-caset må dermed sees på som en del av et større økosystem for massehåndtering i Oslo og omegn.

• Hope, Ole-Kristian; Jiang, Shushu & Vyas, Dushyantkumar (2021)
  Government transparency and firm-level operational efficiency

  Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jbfa.12563 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  We examine the informational role of governments in the private sector in emerging economies. Using a large sample of private firms, we show that governments’ ability and willingness to collect and disseminate economic information (government transparency) is positively associated with firm-level operational efficiency and access to external financing. Several cross-sectional analyses corroborate our main findings. We find that the effect of government transparency is stronger for firms operating in weaker alternative information environments. We also find a reduced effect of government transparency in countries with better-developed capital markets that facilitate capital allocation and production efficiency. Additional analyses using the World Bank-supported Open Government Data initiative as a staggered shock to government transparency provide further support to our primary results. Overall, our paper sheds light on the important role played by governments in emerging markets in aggregating and disseminating economic information.

• Bleibtreu, Christopher & Stefani, Ulrike (2021)
  Audit Regulations, Audit Market Structure, and Financial Reporting Quality

  Foundations and Trends® in Accounting, 16(1-2) , s. 1-183. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1561/1400000066 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  In order to reduce the high level of concentration in the market segment of statutory audits of listed companies and to improve audit quality, new audit market regulations have been introduced (e.g., the mandatory rotation of the audit firm in the EU and the prohibition of single-provider auditing and consulting in the EU and in the U.S.). Other measures are currently discussed (e.g., joint audits or shared audits in the UK). However, the empirical evidence as to whether such regulations have the expected effects and whether there is actually a negative correlation between concentration and audit quality is mixed. This could be because the effects of regulatory measures on auditor and auditee incentives and their effects on market structure are interdependent, and, moreover, simultaneously determine audit quality. We therefore do not only provide a structured overview of the empirical literature on the effects of audit market regulations, but also discuss how to analyze these effects based on analytical models.

• Annelin, Alice & Svanstrøm, Tobias (2021)
  The Triggers and Consequences of Audit Team Stress: Qualitative evidence from engagement teams

  International Journal of Auditing, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijau.12254 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This study investigates audit team stress, its triggers and consequences to providequalitative evidence about what audit team stress is and how its triggers and conse-quences can influence team stress and audit quality. Audit teams in three differentaudit firms, including different audit team ranks, discussed team stress experiencesfrom one specific engagement during group and individual interviews. Audit workcan be stressful, and its consequences can threaten audit quality. Additionally, sharedteam stress differs from individual personal stress. This research discusses how auditteam stress, its triggers and consequences can occur at an interteam stress level,when all team members experience the same stress, and at an intrateam stress level,when individuals feel stress from a team experience. Contributions are made to auditliterature and practitioners about audit experiences at a team level and its influenceon audit quality, including new insights about time budget pressures and auditoraffect.

• Bruno, Lars Christian & Steen, Riana (2021)
  Norwegian oil market concentration and its effects on the oil service companies 1993–2013

  Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/sjpe.12304 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This paper explores the effect of market concentration of the Norwegian oil production sector (NPS) on Norway's second- largest industry, the oilfield services companies (OFS). To capture this effect, we use the system generalized method of moments approach (GMM) to estimate an em-pirical model, spanning the period 1993– 2013. The findings indicate that increased market concentration is consistent with lower profitability of the oilfield services companies, as the bargaining power of oil companies relative to service companies increases. Increased knowledge about this effect could contribute to improving strategies for the further de-velopment of these industries by stakeholders

• Perraudat, Antoine; Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane & Mason, Scott Jennings (2021)
  Stochastic programming approaches for an energy-aware lot-sizing and sequencing problem with incentive

  International Journal of Production Research, 60(19) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2021.1969048 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Motivated by real challenges on energy management faced by industrial firms, we propose a novel way to reduce production costs by including the pricing of electricity in a multi product lot-sizing problem. In incentive-based programs, when electric utilities face power consumption peaks, they request electricity-consuming firms to curtail their electric load, rewarding the industrial firms with incentives if they comply with the curtailment requests. Otherwise, industrial firms must pay financial penalties for an excessive electricity consumption. A two-stage stochasticformulation is presented to cover the case where a manufacturer wants to satisfy any curtailment request. A chance-constrained formulation is also proposed, and its relevance in practice is discussed. Finally, computational studies are conducted to compare mathematical models and highlight critical parameters and show potential savings when subscribing incentive-based programs. We show that the setup cost ratio, the capacity utilisation rate, the number of products and the timing of curtailment requests are critical parameters for manufacturers.

• Mauritzen, Johannes (2021)
  The Covid-19 shock on a low-carbon grid: Evidence from the nordics

  Energy Policy, 156, s. 1-15. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112416 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  I investigate how the Covid-19 epidemic affected consumption and prices in a part of the Nordic electricity market that has a high penetration of intermittent renewable energy: Denmark and the southernmost part of Sweden. In sharp contrast to studies of other regions, I find no overall drop in consumption in this region. However, the distribution of consumption shifted away from peak hours. Nonetheless, prices dropped significantly, with a decline that started well before the imposition of societal restrictions in Denmark. Periods where wind power covered all of local load saw prices collapse towards zero with little variance under the Covid-19 epidemic. The results have important policy implications. Energy-only markets may fail to provide sufficient investment incentives for renewable energy when penetrations of such generation are already high. Policies and technologies that shift load from peak to non-peak times may further erode market incentives.

• Jahre, Marianne & Jensen, Leif-Magnus (2021)
  Coordination at the 10-year mark of the JHLSCM–from global response to local preparedness

  Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 11(4) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/JHLSCM-06-2021-0051 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Purpose At the inception of the Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management (JHLSCM), logistics coordination was identified as important, both in practice and research, but few studies on the topic had been published. Ten years later, many, if not most, papers in the journal mention the topic. So the picture has changed, but to what extent? This paper discusses how coordination research has followed humanitarian logistics practice and vice versa. Design/methodology/approach The point of departure in the present article is the most salient topic from the study’s original papers (Jahre et al., 2009; Jahre and Jensen, 2010). The authors discuss how these topics have developed in research and practice. A recent literature review (Grange et al., 2020) enables us to pick relevant papers from JHLSCM and supplement them with more recent ones. The authors complement this approach with updated data on the cluster system, particularly the logistics cluster, to add insights from the empirical domain. Findings In practice, the cluster concept has developed from coordination within clusters in response to the inclusion of inter-cluster coordination in preparedness, and more recently a focus on localized preparedness. However, JHLSCM research does not appear to have kept pace, with a few notable exceptions. The majority of its papers still focus on response. To the extent that preparedness is covered, it is primarily done so at the global level. Originality/value The authors use a framework to discuss humanitarian logistics coordination research and identify important gaps. Based on developments in practice, the study’s key contribution is a revised model with suggestions for further research.

• Axenrod, Michael & Kisser, Michael (2021)
  Does mandatory recognition of off-balance sheet liabilities affect capital structure choice? Evidence from SFAS 158

  [Report Research]. SSRN

• Kamsvåg, Vegard; Stensrud, Erik & Myrtveit, Ingunn (2021)
  Safety of Autonomous Ships -INterpreting High Confidence Mistakes of Deep Neural Networks Using Heat Maps

  Proceedings of the 31st European Safety and Reliability Conference, Doi: https://doi.org/10.3850/978-981-18-2016-8_675-cd

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  Deep Neural Networks (DNN) are used for image recognition in safety-critical functions of autonomous cars and ships. Car accidents have exposed DNN's lack of robustness to irregular events like unusual image objects and scenes. A misclassification with a high score, which we term a high confidence mistake, is of a particular concern to autonomous ships where we foresee a remote, land-based human operator in the loop who can intervene if warned. A high confidence mistake will not generate a warning to the human operator. To assess the safety of the classifier, we need as a minimum to understand why the classifier fails. This study evaluates the Layer-Wise Relevance Propagation (LRP) heat mapping method, applied to maritime image scenes. The method is evaluated on a classifier, trained using transfer learning to classify marine vessels into one of four different vessel categories. As a part of this, test images have been manipulated to deliberately provoke failures in the classification module. The resulting heat maps have then been used to investigate the cause of the failures. The results suggest that heat maps help us better understand what features are relevant for the classification which is an important first step. Further research is however required to provide an assurance framework to assess the safety level or to assist in debugging a DNN.

• Barhebwa-Mushamuka, Félicien; Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane & Yugma, Claude (2021)
  A global scheduling approach for cycle time control in complex manufacturing systems

  International Journal of Production Research, 61(2) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2021.2010828 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This paper proposes a novel global scheduling approach for cycle time control strategy in large complex manufacturing systems with multiple workcentres, such as semiconductor manufacturing systems. The interaction between workcentres is taken into account by using global information such as release quantities, the Work-In-Process (WIP), cycle time targets and machine capacities. Local scheduling decisions in workcentres are steered by production targets, i.e. quantities of products to complete in each operation and each period on a scheduling horizon. These global production targets are determined by a mathematical model (global scheduling model), which optimises the satisfaction of cycle time targets. One of the major innovations of the proposed model is that it relies on the temporal trace of the WIP. The mathematical model is coupled with a generic multi-method simulation model for evaluation purpose. Computational experiments conducted on industrial data show that our global scheduling approach efficiently controls the cycle times of products.

• Steen, Riana; Ingvaldsen, Geir & Patriarca, Riccardo (2021)
  Engineering resilience in a prison's performance management system

  Safety Science, 142 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105367 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  While organisations are becoming more complex than ever, their applied performance management (PM) systems are still based on the conventional PM approach, derived from the need for control and accountability. On the other hand, turbulent changes, growing interdependencies across organisations, and increasing uncertainty have created challenges beyond the boundaries of traditional approaches. This study explores how principles and methods from the resilience engineering (RE) field can be applied to improve organisations' adaptive capacity in the sense that they anticipate, recognise, adapt to and absorb external or internal disturbances. By discussing features of different components of PM systems and ideas in RE, we provide a framework that links the elements of a PM system and the main features of RE at the cultural, strategic, and operational levels. The approach is instantiated and validated in the context of correctional service institutes, focusing on both security threats and related safety implications for staff and other inmates. We use a Norwegian prison as a case study and apply the proposed framework to assess the institute's resilience potentials.

• Steen, Riana; Ribeiro, Hugo & Shukla, Anurag (2021)
  Safety and Security: A cross-professional comparison

  Proceedings of the 31st European Safety and Reliability Conference, , s. 490-498. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3850/978-981-18-2016-8_091-cd - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  From the theoretical perspectives, traditionally, safety and security represent different contexts, which challenges exchanging ideas, methods, and results between these two scientific fields. Therefore, a distinction between these two contexts, based on the intentionality behind unwanted events, the way risk is understood, and the methods used to assess and manage risk in these contexts. From the practical point of view, distinguish between the roles and responsibilities of these two professional communities are unclear. This study explores the extent of the commonalities and differences in safety and security professionals' current stage. We conduct a qualitative analysis based on 28 semi-structured interviews with the safety and security domain professionals, focusing on the conceptual narratives, responsibilities, and risk assessment approaches from a practical perspective. Our findings indicate that while the professionals in these two fields strongly distinguish between the context of their activities, they share many commonalities regarding their day-to-day tasks. A fundamental common problem in managing risk is that it is difficult to express uncertainty and determine how likely it is that an incident/event happened; we are unable to give strong arguments for specific likelihood assignments of threat occurrence. Yet, a likelihood can always be assigned based on available knowledge. A holistic risk management approach, integrating risk- and resiliencebased thinking, acknowledges this and considers a set of qualitative and quantitative methods to reflect this (lack of) knowledge.

• Yang, Wenhui; Chen, Lu & Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane (2021)
  A dynamic optimisation approach for a single machine scheduling problem with machine conditions and maintenance decisions

  International Journal of Production Research, 60(10) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2021.1910746 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  In modern production systems, considering machine conditions is becoming essential to achieving an overall optimisation of the production schedule. This paper studies a single machine scheduling problem, where the actual processing times of jobs depend on their position in the production sequence and maintenance is considered. Moreover, the machine is subject to an uncertain condition variation. There is a trade-off between rejecting a maintenance action, resulting in longer processing times, and accepting a maintenance action, leading to higher processing efficiency for future jobs. The problem is formulated as a finite-horizon Markov Decision Process. The objective is to minimise the makespan. Optimality properties are analysed, based on which a dynamic optimisation approach is developed. Computational experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

• Chy, Mahfuz & Hope, Ole-Kristian (2021)
  Real effects of auditor conservatism

  Review of accounting studies, (26) , s. 730-771. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-020-09568-3 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  We examine the effect of auditor conservatism on corporate innovation. We hypothesize that, because conservative auditors constrain income-increasing accounting discretion, managers may sacrifice long-term investments in innovation to boost current earnings and meet short-term performance targets. Exploiting state-level auditor legal liability shocks as a means of identification, we find evidence consistent with this hypothesis. Cross-sectional analyses reveal that the negative effect of increased auditor conservatism on corporate innovation is more pronounced when the client firms are under greater equity- and debt-market pressures, when the client firms are exposed to greater litigation risk, and when the client firms are audited by large auditors. Our study highlights how auditors, as external monitors, can affect not only the financial reporting quality of their clients but may also induce alterations in their real operations.

• Che, Limei; Langli, John Christian & Svanstrøm, Tobias (2021)
  Are Audit Partners’ Compensation and Audit Quality related to their consulting revenues?

  Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 40(6) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2021.106896 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Recent accounting scandals have triggered renewed interest in the debate concerning whether audit firms should be banned from providing consulting services. Compared to the voluminous studies on consulting services to audit clients (i.e., non-audit services,hereafter NAS), little has been done to investigate consulting services to non-audit clients(hereafter CS). This study examines whether audit partners’ revenues from CS are associated with: i) partners’ compensation, and ii) audit quality (AQ), while controlling for revenues from NAS and auditing. We choose the Norwegian setting because of the unique and proprietary data on CS at the audit partner level. Our results provide initial evidence that partners’ compensation is positively associated with their revenues generated from CS. Regarding AQ, our findings indicate no relation between AQ and partners’ revenues from CS. This study contributes to the recent debate on multidisciplinary audit firms and should be of interest to regulators, audit firms, and users of audited financial statements.

• Pinchasik, Daniel Ruben; Hovi, Inger Beate, Bø, Eirill & Mjøsund, Christian S. (2021)
  Can active follow-ups and carrots make eco-driving stick? Findings from a controlled experiment among truck drivers in Norway

  Energy Research & Social Science, 75(May 2021) , s. 1-15. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102007 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This article presents results from a randomized controlled eco-driving experiment with differential treatment between two groups of truck drivers in Norway. Using data from in-vehicle devices, we investigate whether eco-driving interventions (a course, active monthly follow-ups, and non-monetary incentives) reduce fuel consumption by inducing more efficient driving behavior for drivers in a treatment group, compared to a control group. Hereby, we consider persistence of effects over time and the relative importance of eco-driving factors, while controlling for fixed vehicles, routes, drivers, and weather. We find significant fuel consumption reductions, persisting over a longer period of time than in most previous studies (where effects fade or disappear), that weather conditions are important, and evidence of an ‘eco-driving learning curve’. This might result from monthly follow-ups and driver rewards. Further, we find spill-over effects through significant fuel savings for drivers in the control group (undergoing no interventions). These are likely the result of them becoming aware that ‘something eco-driving related’ is going on. Our analysis suggests that improvements on engine and gear management contribute most to fuel savings. We estimate the potential for fuel savings to lie between 5.2 and 7.5% (lower bound, control group) and 9% (upper bound, treatment group). This implies a potential for significant cost savings and emission reductions, which might to some extent be scalable and transferable to other settings. As such, eco-driving may play one part in reducing emissions from road freight, for which much-needed emission reductions are challenging to achieve, especially in the shorter run.

• Hope, Ole-Kristian; Huang, Zhongwei & Moldovan, Rucsandra (2021)
  Wall street analysts as investor relations officers

  Journal of Corporate Finance, 67 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2021.101893 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This paper examines the practice of hiring financial analysts as investor relations officers (IRO). We posit that analysts-turned-IROs (AIROs) have a competitive advantage in communicating with investors, thereby lowering the effort expended by the investment community to process corporate disclosures. Using a unique manually-collected dataset on the employment history of IROs (compiled from LinkedIn, Capital IQ, RelationshipScience.com, and appointment press releases), we show that disclosure readability in 8-K and 10-K filings improves and that companies are more likely to host analyst/investor days after hiring former analysts as IROs. Most importantly, we find increases in analyst following, institutional investors, and stock liquidity after hiring a former analyst as IRO. We conclude that both a disclosure and a network channel are at play in the relation between AIROs and increased interest from the investment community. Overall, our findings suggest that firms benefit from hiring Wall Street analysts as IROs.

• Mauritzen, Johannes & Sucarrat, Genaro (2021)
  Increasing Or Diversifying Risk?Tail Correlations, Transmission Flows And Prices Across Wind Power Areas

  Energy Journal, 43(3) , s. 105-131. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5547/01956574.43.3.jmau - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  As wind power costs have declined, capacity has grown quickly, often times in adjacent areas. Price and volatility risk from wind power's intermittency can be mitigated through geographic diversification and transmission. But wind power generation has a fat-tailed and right-skewed distribution. In this article we investigate how geographic diversification of wind power and the effect of wind power on market prices varies across the distribution of production. In a case study from Denmark and Sweden, we show that during tail-end production periods, correlations between areas increase substantially as does congestion in the transmission network. This leads to highly non-linear price effects. The marginal effect of wind power on the local prices is shown to be substantially higher at the 10th decile of wind power production. This has implications for valuation models of wind power projects and for operations of electricity markets with high penetrations of wind power.

• Deng, Yingwen; Hope, Ole-Kristian, Wang, Cyndia & Zhang, Min (2021)
  Capital market liberalization and auditors’accounting adjustments: Evidence from aquasi-experiment

  Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jbfa.12559 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Using a shock to the Chinese capital market and unique and detailed audit-adjustment data, this paper investigates the effect of a capital market liberalization program on auditors’ adjustments to their clients’ financial reports. Employing difference-in-differences tests with propensity score matching and firm fixed effects (FE), we find that the capital market liberalization induced by the implementation of the Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect affects auditors’ professional judgment and leads to audit-adjustment changes stimulated by greater reputational and litigation risks for auditors. Specifically, while the liberalization significantly decreases the frequency and magnitude of upward audit adjustments, the probability of downward adjustments remains the same in most cases. Further evidence shows that the effect is more pronounced for companies with high trading volume from Hong Kong investors, audited by the largest audit firms and with low financial transparency.

• Jahre, Marianne & Årdal, Christine Oline (2021)
  Hvis egenproduksjon er svaret, hva er spørsmålet?

  Overlegen,

• Bleibtreu, Christopher; Königsbruber, Roland & Lanzi, Thomas (2021)
  Financial reporting and corporate political connections: An analytical model of interactions

  Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 41(3) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2021.106904 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  We analyze the interactions between accounting institutions and corporate political connections (CPCs). We present a model where a costly policy depends on the perceived economic condition of a firm. This policy and the valuation of the firm by capital market participants create incentives for the firm to manipulate its financial reports. A politician has some discretion over the policy and can use it to favor a connected firm. Our analysis reveals that the firm’s financial reporting is determined by the interplay of an accounting standard, enforcement strictness, and the salience of the policy for the firm. The possibility to manipulate the financial reports imposes an upper boundary on the value of political connectedness which does not exist if only truthful reporting is possible. The reason is that a low credibility of reported figures leads only to a weak revision of the policy. In general, the value of CPCs is highest when the financial reporting regime evenly splits between firms in good and bad economic condition. Our analysis further suggests that while connected firms generally report being in good condition more often than non-connected firms do, the effect of CPCs on absolute reporting manipulation depends on policy salience. If policy salience is low, connected firms exhibit a higher absolute degree of manipulation than non-connected firms do; the opposite holds if policy salience is high.

• Jahre, Marianne & Årdal, Christine Oline (2021)
  Hvis egenproduksjon er svaret, hva er spørsmålet?

  [Professional Article]. Dagens næringsliv,

• Tamssaouet, Karim; Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane, Knopp, Sebastian, Bitar, Abdoul & Yugma, Claude (2021)
  Multiobjective Optimization for Complex Flexible Job-Shop Scheduling Problems

  European Journal of Operational Research, 296(1) , s. 87-100. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2021.03.069 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  In this paper, we are concerned with the resolution of a multiobjective complex job-shop scheduling problem stemming from semiconductor manufacturing. To produce feasible and industrially meaningful schedules, this paper extends the recently proposed batch-oblivious approach by considering unavailability periods and minimum time lags and by simultaneously optimizing multiple criteria that are relevant in the industrial context. A novel criterion on the satisfaction of production targets decided at a higher level is also proposed. Because the solution approach must be embedded in a real-time application, decision makers must express their preferences before the optimization phase. In addition, a preference model is introduced where trade-off is only allowed between some criteria. Two a priori multiobjective extensions of Simulated Annealing are proposed, which differ in how the simultaneous use of a lexicographic order and weights is handled when evaluating the fitness. A known a posteriori approach of the literature is used as a benchmark. All the metaheuristics are embedded in a Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure. The different versions of the archived GRASP approach are compared using large industrial instances. The numerical results show that the proposed approach provides good solutions regarding the preferences. Finally, the comparison of the optimized schedules with the actual factory schedules shows the significant improvements that our approach can bring.

• Cheng, Stephanie F.; Hope, Ole-Kristian & Hu, Danqi (2021)
  Strategic entry deterrence in the audit industry: Evidence from the merger of professional accounting bodies

  Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jbfa.12558 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Studies show that incumbents reduce prices in response to higher entry threats in consumer industries. We provide new insights on the importance of an incumbent firm's reputation to the limit-pricing decision by examining a professional service industry where the supplier's reputation serves as an existing barrier. The recent staggered passage of mergers of three Canadian accounting certification bodies exogenously increases the probability of future entry to incumbent audit firms. Employing difference-in-differences analyses and a strict fixed-effects structure (client-firm, audit-firm, province and year-month fixed effects), we find that incumbent audit firms reduce audit fees in response to a higher entry threat induced by the merger. The microstructure of the audit industry provides further insights—non-Big-4 audit firms reduce fees after the merger, while Big-4 audit firms can withstand higher entry threats and do not adjust fees.

• Vries, Harwin de; Jahre, Marianne, Selviaridis, Kostas, Oorschot, Kim Van & Wassenhove, Luk N. Van (2021)
  Short of Drugs? Call Upon Operations and Supply Chain Management

  International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 4(10) , s. 1569-1578. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOPM-03-2021-0175

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  Purpose –This “impact pathways”paper argues that operations and supply chain management (OSCM) could help address the worsening drug shortage problem in high-income countries. This significant societal problem poses difficult challenges to stakeholders given the complex and dynamic nature of drug supply chains. OSCM scholars are well positioned to provide answers, introducing new research directions for OSCM in the process. Design/methodology/approach –To substantiate this, the authors carried out a review of stakeholder reports from six European countries and the academic literature. Findings–There is little academic research and no fundamental agreement among stakeholders about causes of shortages. Stakeholders have suggested many government measures, but little evidence exists on their comparative cost-effectiveness. Originality/value –The authors discuss three pathways of impactful research on drug shortages to which OSCM could contribute: (1) Developing an evidence-based system view of drug shortages; (2) Studying the comparative cost-effectiveness of key government interventions; (3) Bringing supply chain risk management into the government and economics perspectives and vice versa. Our study provides a baseline for future COVID-19-related research on this topic

• Flygansvær, Bente Merete; Laari, Sini, Mikkelsen, Ole Stegmann, Tamssaouet, Karim, Gillström, Henrik & Stefánsson, Gunnar (2021)
  Book of Abstracts - The 33rd Annual NOFOMA Conference

  [Report Research]. Nordic Logistics Research Network

• Steen, Riana & Molde, Alf Inge (2021)
  Håndtering av langvarige beredskapshendelser: Læringspunkter etter covid-19-utbrudd på West Phoenix

  Magma forskning og viten, (03) , s. 70-79. - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Den tradisjonelle risiko- og sårbarhetsanalysen er utgangspunkt for dagens beredskapsplaner, som består av rammer og prosedyrer for håndtering av definerte fare- og ulykkessituasjoner (DFU-er). Turbulente endringer, økende gjensidig avhengighet på tvers av organisasjoner samt økende grad av usikkerhet skaper imidlertid utfordringer som ligger utenfor grensene for den tradisjonelle beredskapstilnærmingen. Håndteringen av beredskapshendelser knyttet til koronaepidemien synliggjør hvordan usikkerhet, tidspress og eskalerende konsekvenser forsterker behovet for resiliens, altså motstandsdyktighet, i beredskapsarbeidet. Gjennom studien trekker vi frem læringspunkter fra hvordan et covid-19-utbrudd på den flytende oljeriggen West Phoenix ble håndtert på operativt og strategisk nivå. Basert på en metodetriangulering utforsker studien rollene til oljeselskapets beredskapsorganisasjoner og deres håndtering av utbruddet. Resultatet fra vår analyse av empiriske funn fremhever at nøkkelen til resilient beredskapsarbeid ligger i koordinering samt evne til improvisasjon, åpenhet, samarbeid og tillitsfull kommunikasjon mellom involverte aktører.

• Dekeyser, Simon; Gaeremynck, Ann, Knechel, W. Robert & Willekens, Marleen (2021)
  Multimarket Contact and Mutual Forbearance in Audit Markets

  Journal of Accounting Research, 59(5) , s. 1651-1688. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-679X.12406 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Competition in audit markets is an important topic but direct tests of market competition have been limited. In this paper, we examine how audit firms behave when they are confronted with competition from another firm in a wide range of industry segments in a local market. Sharing a large number of market segments can lead to mutual forbearance among audit rivals. Such mutual forbearance is likely to manifest as higher audit fees in a market because rivals are hesitant to aggressively compete in the face of potential competitive retaliation. Using a sample of 25,662 observations from 2004 to 2015, we find evidence that supports this argument as proxied by the extent that audit firms compete in the same industries in the same locations. This result persists after controlling for several tight fixed-effects specifications based on time, location, industry, and market segments. In supplementary tests, we also find that the likelihood of client switching is negatively associated with the multi-industry contact of the incumbent, but clients that do switch are more likely to choose an alternative audit firm that confronts the predecessor auditor in fewer market segments. Our evidence is consistent with mutual forbearance among rival audit firms when confronted with the same competitor in different market segments.

• Viana, Joe; Oorschot, Kimball Elizabeth van & Årdal, Christine Oline (2021)
  Assessing Resilience Of Medicine Supply Chain Networks To Disruptions: A Proposed Hybrid Simulation Modeling Framework

  Proceedings of the 2021 Winter Simulation Conference, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/WSC52266.2021.9715466 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  The objective of the proposed hybrid simulation modeling framework is to improve the understanding and operation of medicine supply chains, to strengthen their resilience to ensure the availability of medicines. The framework draws upon hybrid simulation, supply chain resilience and medicine supply chain literature. The utility of the proposed framework is presented through the development of a case model of a generic (off-patent) case medicine in the Norwegian system to perform scenario-based experiments on disruption events and interventions. Two disruption scenarios are evaluated a demand shock e.g., hoarding, and a supply shock, e.g., a major disruption at a key supplier. The effect of these disruptions on the system without interventions is compared with proactive and reactive interventions, namely prepositioned stock, and flexible ordering. Future directions for framework development have been identified.

• Dekeyser, Simon; Gaeremynck, Ann, Knechel, W. Robert & Willekens, Marleen (2021)
  The Impact of Partners’ Economic Incentives on Audit Quality in Big 4 Partnerships

  Accounting Review, 96(6) , s. 129-152. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2308/TAR-2018-0109 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Economic incentives are fundamental for understanding auditor behavior. In this paper, we investigate the association between the extent of partners’ fee-based compensation, partners’ observable net wealth, and audit quality. Using a sample of Belgian Big 4 audit firms and their predominantly private clients, our results suggest a negative association between audit quality and partner fee-based compensation, and a positive association between audit quality and partner observable net wealth. Moreover, our results show that the latter association is most significant when a partner is carrying a lot of debt, which indicates that a partner’s financial situation may affect audit quality. The extent of fee-based incentives also varies among partners of the same audit firm. Furthermore, partner and client characteristics differ based on the extent of fee-based compensation. Our findings should be of interest to regulators and audit firms as they suggest that audit partner’s economic incentives significantly affect audit quality.

• Schwencke, Hans Robert; Haugen, Dag Olav, Baksaas, Kjell Magne, Stenheim, Tonny & Avlesen-Østli, Erik (2021)
  Årsregnskapet i teori og praksis 2020

  Gyldendal Akademisk

• Steen, Riana; Patriarca, Riccardo & Gravio, Giulio Di (2021)
  The chimera of time: Exploring the functional properties of an emergency response room in action

  Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 29(4) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12353 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Emergency response (ER) planners have developed plans either under "all-hazards" approach, focusing on a full spectrum of emergencies or under a specific scenario—in which planning underlines aligned actions to respond to a particular situation. Either of them represents the so-called Work-As-Imagined (WAI) operation. However, the growing complexity, the scope of emerging situation and the level of uncertainty, create unpredicted challenges for ER operation, which represent another variety of work named Work-As-Done (WAD). These challenges require different degrees of adaptation to avoid the cascading impacts of an event into an accident, or even a disaster. Drawing upon the traditional Functional Resonance Analysis (FRAM), we provide a novel FRAM representation, which reflects adaptive capacities on functional inter-relationships, and their evolution over time in different scenarios. Rather than using time as an aspect of the FRAM hexagon in its traditional sense, we propose an explicit time-dependent analysis. We outline how to make the chimera of time response feasible in ER operations and how to represent respective sources of success. Based on our FRAM approach, we conduct an incident analysis referred to an event that happened in Gjøa in 2017, in Norway at the North Sea, to understand adaptation in the four different ER phases, that is mobilizing, alert/warning, combat and normalization.

• Ruud, Flemming; Bensultana, Yasmine & Kyburz, Adrian (2020)
  Das Drei-Linien-Modell des IIA: Eine Aktualisierung der Three Lines of Defence

  Expert Focus, 94, s. 716-721.

• Jahre, Marianne (2020)
  Hvordan lykkes med kriselogistikk

  [Popular Science Article]. Logistikk & Ledelse,

• Jahre, Marianne (2020)
  Hvordan sikre forsyningskjeder mot neste krise?

  [Popular Science Article]. BI Business Review,

• Bø, Eirill (2020)
  Transparency Issues Within a Transport Buyer and Provider Relationship

  Leadership Strategies for Global Supply Chain Management in Emerging Markets, , s. 78-95. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2867-9.ch004

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  Transport is an important function in the supply chain. This chapter focuses on how to buy a transport service, how to form a transport contract, and how a transparent relationship will influence the risk and the relationship between transport provider and buyer. By developing a decision support tool (DST-model) and calculating the cost and the time parameters, the right price and the cost drivers will appear. The cases described in this chapter are a large Norwegian wholesaler for food, distribution to the retailer, and two Norwegian municipalities collecting household waste. In these cases, the buyer and the provider are acting blind in setting the transport price. This means that there is a huge risk for either a bankruptcy by the transport provider or an overpriced transport for the buyer.

• Flygansvær, Bente Merete & Larvoll, Steffen (2020)
  Kunden har alltid rett

  [Professional Article]. Logistikk & Ledelse, nr. 10

• Jahre, Marianne (2020)
  Logistikk kan redde liv

  [Popular Science Article]. BI Business Review,

• Jahre, Marianne (2020)
  Hvordan sikre forsyningskjeder mot neste krise?

  [Popular Science Article]. BI Business Review,

• Ruud, Flemming & Bensultana, Yasmine (2020)
  Three Lines of Defence Model: Quo Vadis?

  Expert Focus,

• Lyngstadås, Hakim (2020)
  Packages or systems? Working capital management and financial performance among listed U.S. manufacturing firms

  Journal of Management Control, 31(4) , s. 403-450. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00187-020-00306-z - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This study examines how working capital management packages (WCMPs) can lead to higher financial performance. This is done by exploring the formation, importance, and systematic interdependencies within and between WCMPs. The data set consists of 589 U.S. listed manufacturing firms that are being studied during the fiscal period 2012–2019. WCMPs are studied from both a package and a system approach. This is done by combining fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis and panel data regression. In all, 11 effective WCMPs are found to be associated with high financial performance. Six of them constitute unique and empirically important packages and are also identified as systems. The findings can have consequences for managers and practitioners, as the study creates an explicit link between a firm’s working capital management and financial performance.

• Langli, John Christian (2020)
  Empiriske egenskaper ved finansielle nøkkeltall

  Finansiell og ikke-finansiell rapportering Festskrift til Hans Robert Schwencke, , s. 295-320. - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Analyser av foretaks finansielle stilling og inntjening skjer som regel ved hjelp av finansielle nøkkeltall som tallfester lønnsomhet, likviditet og soliditet. I denne artikkelen viser jeg først hvordan noen nøkkeltall i hver av disse tre kategoriene, beregnet på grunnlag av årsregnskapene til norske aksjeselskaper (dvs. ikke børsnoterte foretak), utvikler seg over tid. Jeg viser at mål på lønnsomhet (total- og egenkapitalrentabiliteten) og soliditet (målt ved leverage, som er forholdet mellom sum eiendeler og sum egenkapital) går mot gjennomsnittsverdiene for økonomien som helhet. Det er som forventet siden det finnes teorier for avkastningskrav og optimal kapitalstruktur, og konkurransen vil drive forholdstallene mot de teoretiske verdiene. Forholdstall som mangler et teoretisk fundament for hvor optimum er (som likviditetsgrad 1 og totalkapitalens omløpshastighet), viser ikke samme tendens til å gå mot gjennomsnittet. Bransjeforskjeller er det andre hovedtemaet i artikkelen. Det er mange eksempler på at normtall for hva som skal til for at lønnsomheten eller likviditeten er tilfredsstillende eller god, blir fastsatt uten å ta hensyn til bransjeforskjeller. Det best kjente kravet er at likviditetsgrad 1 bør være større enn 2, et krav som ble fastsatt for over 100 år siden. Jeg dokumenterer store bransjeforskjeller i gjennomsnittsverdier og medianverdier for nøkkeltallene, og viser at generelle krav til hva normtall bør være, kan være lite relevante.

• Gooding, Emily & Jahre, Marianne (2020)
  Secondary Data Collection Report – COVID Task Force

  [Report Research]. Handelshøyskolen BI

• Fang, Bingxu & Hope, Ole-Kristian (2020)
  Analyst teams

  Review of accounting studies, 26 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-020-09557-6 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This paper examines the impact of teamwork on sell-side analysts’ performance. Using a hand-collected sample of over 50,000 analyst research reports, we find that analyst teams issue more than 70% of annual earnings forecasts. In contrast, most research implicitly assumes that forecasts are issued by individual analysts. We document that analyst teams generate more accurate earnings forecasts than individual analysts and that the stock market reacts more strongly to forecast revisions issued by teams. Analyst teams also cover more firms, issue earnings forecasts more frequently, and issue less stale forecasts. Analysts working in teams are more likely to be voted as All-Star analysts in the future. Among analyst teams, we show that team size and team member ability are significantly associated with forecast accuracy. Moreover, using detailed analyst background information from LinkedIn, we find that forecast accuracy is positively associated with team diversity based on sell-side experience, educational background, and gender. Additional analyses suggest that analyst teams, especially more diverse ones, are more likely to issue cash-flow forecasts and use discounted cash-flow valuation models in their reports. These findings suggest that teamwork and team diversity play a crucial role in understanding sell-side analysts’ performance.

• Khalilov, Akram & Osma, Beatriz Garcia (2020)
  Accounting conservatism and the profitability of corporate insiders

  Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 47(3-4) , s. 333-364. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jbfa.12438 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  We predict that accounting conservatism influences insiders' opportunities to speculate on good and bad news, and thus, insider trading profitability. We find that greater conditional (unconditional) conservatism is associated with lower (higher) insiders' profitability from sales. We find limited evidence that conservatism influences profitability from purchases. These findings are consistent with our hypotheses on the different informational roles of conditional and unconditional conservatism, and on the asymmetric influence of conservatism over the opportunities to speculate on good versus bad news. Our research design takes into consideration the endogenous nature of insiders' trading and conservatism. The results are robust to different measures of conservatism and a number of additional analyses.

• Steen, Riana & Ferreira, Pedro NP (2020)
  Resilient flood-risk management at the municipal level through the lens of the Functional Resonance Analysis Model

  Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 204(December) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2020.107150 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This exploratory study takes a closer look at the flood Risk Management (RM) system at a municipality level. The current practices of RM in municipalities follow to a large extent, a standard structure of RM processes. Their application comes short of addressing the wide range of local specificities and other complexity related socio-technical factors that can have widespread impacts, much beyond the municipal scope. This study uses concepts and ideas from the resilience engineering literature to enhance the practices of the RM system. We apply the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) to investigate the extent to which key RM activities are in line with generating anticipating, monitoring, responding and learning capabilities in the flood RM system. We examine the performance of RM functions, how they are coupled, and whether they can be sustained in the wake of a flood event. A triangulation of various qualitative research approaches is adopted, namely using semi-structured interviews, document analysis and workshop. Our findings reveal how the application of FRAM provides a deeper understanding of the underlying factors that shape the resilience of the RM process.

• Bø, Eirill & Baxter, John (2020)
  Transparency as a Driver for Logistical Efficiency in WEEE Collection and Transport

  Logistics, 4(3) Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics4030014 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Inefficiency in complex reverse-logistical operations, such as the collection and transport of various wastes, can often be traced to two related factors. Adversarial and arms-length relationships between service providers and customers are commonplace, alongside surprisingly limited understanding of the cost base. This study investigated transparency and shared understanding as drivers for higher efficiency and lower costs. Observation and intervention in contractual negotiations was combined with analyses of cost and sensitivity, and a post-contractual transparency exercise with bidders where findings were shared with all parties. The work yielded both immediate efficiency gains and a longer-term infrastructure for cost evaluation and negotiation. Ongoing work is extending the approach into yet more complex and broader areas of municipal waste management.

• Hope, Ole-Kristian; Jiang, Shushu & Vyas, Dushyantkumar (2020)
  Government procurement and financial statement certification: Evidence from private firms in emerging economies

  Journal of International Business Studies, 52 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-020-00382-2 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  In this paper, we examine the monitoring role of government customers in emerging markets, a setting where public procurement is significant but the procurement institutions are weak. In these countries, financial statement certifications could be an important mechanism for a private firm to facilitate contracting with governments. Employing a sample of private firms across 98 emerging economies, we first document in-depth private-firm audit regulations for each country. We find that firms are more likely to have financial statements certified by an external auditor when they have government contracts. We further find that the association is less pronounced when governments have weaker monitoring incentives – when suppliers are subject to monitoring from tax authorities or creditors, when government contracting officials receive bribes, and when government spending is less transparent. We corroborate our inferences using the staggered adoption of an E-Procurement system to infer changes in governments’ monitoring incentives and several other robustness checks.

• Willekens, Marleen; Dekeyser, Simon, Bruynseels, Liesbeth & Numan, Wieteke (2020)
  Auditor Market Power and Audit Quality Revisited: Effects of Market Concentration, Market Share Distance, and Leadership

  Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0148558X20966249 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This study examines whether auditor market power is associated with audit quality. Regulators around the world have repeatedly expressed concerns about the high levels of supplier concentration, the limited number of audit suppliers in the audit market, and the potential adverse consequences of their (alleged) market power. Using U.S. data from 2009 to 2017, we examine the effect on audit quality of two competing measures of auditor market power: (a) a “traditional” market concentration measure (Herfindahl index) and (b) a competing measure derived from spatial competition theory (i.e., market share distance from the closest competitor). Following Aobdia, we infer audit quality from two measures of financial reporting quality: (a) the level of absolute abnormal accruals, and (b) the incidence of financial statement restatements. Our results indicate that industry market share distance is positively associated with audit quality, but we do not find an association between market concentration and audit quality. In addition, we find that the positive association between market share distance and audit quality only holds when the incumbent auditor is a market leader, although industry leadership itself is not significantly associated with audit quality. These findings suggest that audit quality is positively affected by a market leader’s industry market share dominance over its competitors rather than by industry specialization per se.

• Stenheim, Tonny & Birkeland, Kari (2020)
  Finansiell og ikke-finansiell rapportering Festskrift til Hans Robert Schwencke

  Gyldendal Norsk Forlag A/S

• Kisser, Michael & Rapushi, Loreta (2020)
  Equity Issues, Creditor Control and Market Timing Patterns: Evidence From Leverage Decreasing Recapitalizations

  [Report Research]. SSRN

• Mohammadi, Mehrdad; Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane, Yugma, Claude & Karimi‐Mamaghan, Maryam (2020)
  A queue‐based aggregation approach for performance evaluation of a production system with an AMHS

  Computers & Operations Research, 115, s. 1-21. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2019.104838 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Production planning optimization remains a major challenge in almost all industries, particularly in high-tech manufacturing. A critical task to support such optimization is performance evaluation, wherein an accurate estimation of the cycle time as a function of the throughput rate plays a key role. This paper develops a novel aggregation model based on a queueing network approach, so-called queue-based aggregation (QAG) model, to estimate the cycle time of a job-shop production system that consists of several processing workstations, and in which products are transferred via an Automated Material Handling System (AMHS). The proposed model aggregates both production and automated material handling systems and provides an accurate and fast estimation of the overall cycle time. The performance and superiority of the proposed model is validated by comparing its results with those of a detailed simulation model. Numerous sensitivity analyses are performed to provide valuable managerial insights on both the production and automated material handling systems.

• Altazin, Estelle; Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane, Ramond, François & Tréfond, Sabine (2020)
  A multi-objective optimization-simulation approach for real time rescheduling in dense railway systems

  European Journal of Operational Research, 286(2) , s. 662-672. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2020.03.034 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Rescheduling trains in dense railway systems to cope in real time with limited disturbances is a challenging problem with multiple conflicting objectives and various types of decisions. Based on the French railway system in the Paris region, this paper proposes an approach combining multi-objective optimization, to select rescheduling decisions, and macroscopic simulation, to compute the objectives associated to these decisions. Possible decisions include canceling or short-turning trains and skipping or adding stops. Three main objectives are optimized to propose multiple solutions to the decision makers: The recovery time, the quality of service for passengers and the number of decisions. Two greedy heuristics are presented whose results on actual data are compared with a full enumeration method. The multi- objective feature of the approach is also analyzed. The implementation and successful validation in real life of a decision-support tool, that is now implemented, is discussed.

• Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane & Hassoun, Michael (2020)
  On the importance of variability when managing metrology capacity

  European Journal of Operational Research, 282(1) , s. 267-276. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2019.09.014 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  In-line quality control is a crucial and increasingly constraining activity, in particular in high technology manufacturing. In this paper, we study a single metrology tool assigned to control the production quality of multiple heterogeneous machines. We introduce, model and study the tradeoffbetween the quality loss resulting from the sampling policy, and the quality loss induced by delays in the metrology queue. An iterative approach is proposed to optimize sampling periods using the solution of a relaxed problem which assumes full synchronization between production and metrology, and which has been previously formalized and solved. Based on computational and simulation results, and a prediction model, the paper ends with recommendations to better manage metrology capacity utilization under various levels of variability.

• Averhals, Liesbeth; Caneghem, Tom Van & Willekens, Marleen (2020)
  Mandatory audit fee disclosure and price competition in the private client segment of the audit market.

  Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 40 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2020.100337 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This study empirically examines whether mandatory audit fee disclosure affects audit pric-ing and price competition in the private client segment of the Belgian audit market. Weexpect price competition between auditors to intensify after mandatory public disclosureof audit fees because transparency of audit fee information is likely to increase client bar-gaining power and/or increase competitive pressure. Using a data set including both pre-and post-disclosure audit fees of private clients, we observe that subsequent to mandatorydisclosure of audit fees, clients with positive (negative) abnormal audit fees experience adownward (upward) fee adjustment. Consistent with increased price competition followingmandatory audit fee disclosure, clients with negative abnormal audit fees are better able tomitigate the upward fee adjustment if they have higher bargaining power or have an audi-tor facing stronger competitive pressure. These effects are largest in the initial disclosureyear, suggesting anticipatory price adjusting behavior by audit firms.

• Lima, Alexandre; Borodin, Valeria, Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane & Vialletelle, Philippe (2020)
  A sampling-based approach for managing lot release in time constraint tunnels in semiconductor manufacturing

  International Journal of Production Research, , s. 1-25. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2020.1711984 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  For the sake of product yield and quality considerations, Time Constraints (TCs) are imposed between process operations in various multi-product manufacturing systems. Often spanning a number of operations, time constraints tend to follow each other in close succession and overlap, forming thus Time Constraint Tunnels (TCTs). The regulation problem of releasing lots in these time constraint tunnels is particularly challenging in semiconductor manufacturing systems, because of re-entrant flows, machine heterogeneity and High Mix Low Volume (HM-LV) production configurations, which are typical in many wafer fabrication facilities. In such an evolving and time-varying context, this paper proposes a sequential sampling-based approach to estimate the probability that, prior to its release, a lot leaves a given time constraint tunnel on time. The proposed approach proves to be competitive in various respects by: (i) taking into account industry specific features, (ii) being industrially tractable, and (iii) being sensitive and responsive to the current manufacturing system. Based on real-life instances, numerical experiments highlight the computational effectiveness and the industrial soundness of the proposed problem modeling together with the solution approach.

• Quéré, Étienne Le; Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane, Tamssaouet, Karim, Maufront, Cédric & Astie, Stéphane (2020)
  Dynamic Sampling for Risk Minimization in Semiconductor Manufacturing

  Winter simulation conference : proceedings, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/WSC48552.2020.9384001

• Hope, Ole-Kristian & Lu, Haihao (2020)
  Economic consequences of corporate governance disclosure: Evidence from the 2006 SEC regulation on related-party transactions

  Accounting Review, 95(4) , s. 263-290. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2308/ACCR-52608 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This paper examines economic consequences of a 2006 Securities and Exchange Commission regulation that mandated public firms to disclose their governance policies on related-party transactions (RPTs). Employing hand-collected RPT data for S&P 1500 firms, we find that the initiation of RPT governance disclosure significantly reduces the occurrence of RPTs, and that the reduction in RPTs is negatively associated with the implied cost of capital (ICC) and positively related to Tobin's Q. These effects are more pronounced for low-monitored firms and for firms with RPTs that are more likely to be opportunistic. We further find that firms with a formal written policy, a designated committee to review and approve RPTs, or more extensive disclosure on RPT governance benefit in terms of lower ICC.

• Hovi, Inger Beate; Mjøsund, Christian S., Pinchasik, Daniel Ruben & Grønland, Stein Erik (2020)
  Smart data capture to reduce report burden, increase data quality in national truck surveys, and increase analysis capability

  IEEE Forum on Integrated and Sustainable Transportation System (FISTS), November 3-5, 2020, Delft - The Netherlands, , s. 107-113. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/FISTS46898.2020.9264888

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  Truck surveys are carried out continuously in all EU and EEA countries according to Eurostat statistics regulations. These surveys are known to have a high reporting burden, and a major challenge is that a large share of trucks is incorrectly reported to be out of order during the reporting week, resulting in low quality data. This paper highlights how smart data capture can help reduce reporting burden and increase data quality. It further provides perspective on requirements to other data sources with potential relevance for smart and improved transport statistics, as well as their current limitations.

• Fang, Bingxu; Hope, Ole-Kristian, Huang, Zhongwei & Moldovan, Rucsandra (2020)
  The effects of MiFID II on sell-side analysts, buy-side analysts, and firms

  Review of accounting studies, 25, s. 855-902. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-020-09545-w - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This paper provides early but broad empirical evidence on MiFID II, which requires investment firms to unbundle investment research from other costs they charge to clients. Employing difference-in-differences matched-sample research designs with firm fixed effects, we find a decrease in the number of sell-side analysts covering European firms after MiFID II implementation, particularly for firms that are less important to the sell-side. However, research quality improves; specifically, individual analyst forecasts are more accurate and stock recommendations garner greater market reactions. In addition, sell-side analysts seem to cater more to the buy-side after MiFID II by providing industry recommendations along with stock recommendations. Importantly, we predict and find evidence that buy-side investment firms turn to more in-house research after MiFID II implementation. Equally interesting, buy-side analysts increase their participation and engagement in earnings conference calls, compared to the control group. We find some evidence that stock-market liquidity decreases post MiFID II.

• Wu, Cheng-Hung; Zhou, Fang-Yi, Tsai, Chi-Kang, Yu, Cheng-Juei & Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane (2020)
  A deep learning approach for the dynamic dispatching of unreliable machines in re-entrant production systems

  International Journal of Production Research, 58(9) , s. 2822-2840. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2020.1727041 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This research combines deep neural network (DNN) and Markov decision processes (MDP) for the dynamic dispatching of re-entrant production systems. In re-entrant production systems, jobs enter the same workstation multiple times and dynamic dispatching oftentimes aims to dynamically assign different priorities to various job groups to minimise weighted cycle time or maximise throughput. MDP is an effective tool for dynamic production control, but it suffers from two major challenges in dynamic control problems. First, the curse of dimensionality limits the computational performance of solving large MDP problems. Second, a different model should be built and solved after system configuration is changed. DNN is used to overcome both challenges by learning directly from optimal dispatching policies generated by MDP. Results suggest that a properly trained DNN model can instantly generate near-optimal dynamic control policies for large problems. The quality of the DNN solution is compared with the optimal dynamic control policies through the standard K-fold cross-validation test and discrete event simulation. On average, the performance of the DNN policy is within 2% of optimal in both tests. The proposed artificial intelligence algorithm illustrates the potential of machine learning methods in manufacturing applications.

• Stenheim, Tonny; Henriksen, Andreas Gausemel, Stensager, Carl Magnus, Grønseth, Bjørn Ove & Madsen, Dag Øivind (2020)
  Broadcasting revenues and sporting success in European football: Evidence from the Big Five leagues

  Journal of Applied Business and Economics (JABE), 22(4) , s. 74-88. Doi: https://doi.org/10.33423/jabe.v22i4.2909 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This paper examines the association between broadcasting revenues and sporting success in Europe’s Big Five football leagues (England, Italy, Spain, Germany, and France), and in particular how the distribution and allocation of broadcasting revenues in Europe’s elite leagues are associated with the clubs’ domestic and international sporting success. The study makes use of a large hand-collected dataset comprising 8244 observations from 160 different clubs playing in one of these five leagues during the seven seasons from 2010 to 2017. The results indicate that the use of a uniform broadcasting revenue distribution model, which gives all clubs a relatively similar share of the pie, may increase domestic league competition, which in turn makes it tougher for one or two teams to dominate the rest. At the same time, there are some indications that a uniform broadcasting model is negatively associated with the clubs’ international sporting success. The use of a more top-heavy revenue distribution model, which leaves a smaller share for the worst-performing clubs, seems to enable the top clubs to retain both domestic and international sporting success.

• Frennesson, Lina; Kembro, Joakim, Vries, Harwin de, Wassenhove, Luk N. Van & Jahre, Marianne (2020)
  Localisation of Logistics Preparedness in International Humanitarian Organisations

  Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 11(1) , s. 81-106. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/JHLSCM-06-2020-0048 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Purpose – To meet the rising global needs, the humanitarian community has signed off on making a strategic change toward more localisation, which commonly refers to the empowerment of national and local actors in humanitarian assistance. However, to this date, actual initiatives for localisation are rare. To enhance understanding of the phenomenon, the authors explore localisation of logistics preparedness capacities and obstacles to its implementation. The authors particularly take the perspective of the international humanitarian organisation (IHO) community as they are expected to implement the localisation strategy. Design/methodology/approach – A phenomenon-driven, exploratory and qualitative study was conducted. Data collection included in-depth interviews with 28 experienced humanitarian professionals. Findings – The findings showed the ambiguity inherent in the localisation strategy with largely different views on four important dimensions. Particularly, the interviewees differ about strengthening external actors or internal national/local offices. The resulting framework visualises the gap between strategy formulation and implementation, which forms major obstacles to the localisation aims. Research limitations/implications – Further research is required to support the advancement of localisation of logistics preparedness capacities. Important aspects for future research include triangulation of results, other stakeholder perspectives and the influence of context. Practical implications – The authors add to the important debate surrounding localisation by offering remedies to overcoming obstacles to strategy implementation. Further, the authors’ proposed framework offers a language to precisely describe the ways in which IHOs (should) view localisation of logistics preparedness capacities and its operationalisation. Originality/value – To the best of authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first academic article on localisation within the humanitarian logistics context.

• Hope, Ole-Kristian; Yue, Heng & Zhong, Qinlin (2020)
  China's Anti-Corruption Campaign and Financial Reporting Quality

  Contemporary Accounting Research, 37(2) , s. 1015-1043. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12557 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  We examine the impact of China's anti‐corruption campaign on firm‐level financial reporting quality (FRQ). As an important component of the anti‐corruption campaign, in October 2013, “Rule 18” was issued to prohibit party and government officials from serving as directors for publicly listed firms. The regulation led to a large number of official directors resigning from their roles as directors involuntarily. As such, Rule 18 has effectively weakened, if not fully discontinued, the political connections of the firms that previously hired officials as directors. Our empirical analyses employ a difference‐in‐differences research design with firm fixed effects and propensity‐score matching to examine the pre‐ and post‐period FRQ around the enactment of Rule 18. We find that, compared to propensity‐score‐matched control firms, FRQ of firms with resigned official directors increases after Rule 18. Further evidence suggests that the impact is stronger when firms are located in regions with more developed financial markets and in regions with higher judiciary efficiency. We also find that the effect is more pronounced when firms are non‐state‐owned, received preferential credits, and face refinancing pressure.

• Hope, Ole-Kristian; Li, Congcong, Lin, An-Ping & Rabier, MaryJane (2020)
  Happy analysts

  Accounting, Organizations and Society, 90 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2020.101199 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This paper is thefirst to investigate the role of work-life balance infinancial analysts’performance andcareer advancement. Using a large sample of Glassdoor reviews byfinancial analysts, wefind a significantnon-linear relation between perceived work-life balance and analyst performance and analyst careeradvancement. Specifically, when perceived work-life balance is relatively low, an increase in work-lifebalance is associated with better analyst performance and career advancement; however, whenperceived work-life balance is already high, a further increase in work-life balance is associated withworse analyst performance and career advancement.

• Schwencke, Hans Robert; Haugen, Dag Olav, Baksaas, Kjell Magne, Stenheim, Tonny & Avlesen-Østli, Erik (2020)
  Årsregnskapet i teori og praksis 2019

  Gyldendal Akademisk

• Grønland, Stein Erik; Hovi, Inger Beate & Madslien, Anne (2020)
  Logistikkmodellen i nasjonal godstransportmodell

  Transport i interaksjon mellom marked og offentlig regulering. Festskrift til Finn Jørgensen, , s. 193-209. - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Nasjonal godstransportmodell er et planleggingsverktøy som er utviklet for å kunne beregne effekten på godstransporten av ulike tiltak som for eksempel endringer i vegsystemer, endringer i jernbaneterminaler eller havneløsninger. Norge var relativt tidlig ute i utviklingen av en nasjonal modell, noe som har gitt gode erfaringer fra en rekke prosjekter. Den norske godstransportmodellen er i utgangspunktet en ADA1-modell. Den store tyngden av beregningene skjer på disaggregert nivå med varestrømmer mellom soner, hvor man først tilordner optimale omlastingspunkter i nettverket for hvert av kjedealternativene som kan være aktuelle for denne transporten. Deretter optimaliseres hvert av kjedealternativene kostnadsmessig med hensyn til skipningsstørrelser og valg av transportenheter innenfor hver transportmodus. De siste beregningene gjøres i en del tilfeller iterativt for å ivareta effekten av konsolidering med andre forsendelser på samme transportenhet. Modellen er basert på at transportkjedene velges ut fra hva som gir de laveste kostnadene for transportbrukerne. I artikkelen vises litt mer i detalj hvordan modellen er bygd opp, og det gis en oversikt over erfaringer fra bruk i en rekke prosjekter.

• Che, Limei; Hope, Ole-Kristian & Langli, John Christian (2020)
  How Big-4 Firms Improve Audit Quality

  Management science, 66(10) , s. 4552-4572. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2019.3370 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This paper studies whether and how Big-4 firms provide higher-quality audits than non-Big-4 firms. Specifically, we first examine a Big-4 effect and then explore three sources of the Big-4 effect. To test the Big-4 effect, we use a unique data set of individual audit partners for a large sample of private companies and a novel research design exploiting the fact that auditees may follow the auditor who switches affiliation from a non-Big-4 firm to a Big-4 firm. Thus, we compare audit quality and audit fees of the same partner–auditee pairs before and after the switch. The results show that the Big-4 effect exists in the private-firm segment. More important, we find evidence for three sources of the Big-4 effect. First, Big-4 firms are able to recruit non-Big-4 partners who deliver higher audit quality than other non-Big-4 partners in the preswitch period. Second, enhanced learning has taken place after the switch. Third, the increased audit quality can also be attributed to stronger incentives/monitoring. These are new findings to the literature.

• Eckbo, B. Espen & Kisser, Michael (2020)
  Tradeoff Theory and Leverage Dynamics of High-Frequency Debt Issuers

  Review of Finance, 25(2) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/rof/rfaa018 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  We test whether high-frequency net-debt issuers (HFIs)—public industrial companies with relatively low issuance costs and high debt-financing benefits—manage leverage toward long-run targets. Our answer is they do not: (1) the leverage–profitability correlation is negative even in quarters with leverage rebalancing; (2) the speed-of-adjustment to target leverage deviations is no higher for HFIs than for low-frequency net-debt issuers; and (3) under-leveraged HFIs do not speed up rebalancing activity in significant investment periods. Thus, even in the subset of firms most likely to follow dynamic trade-off theory, the theory does not appear to hold.

• Pinchasik, Daniel Ruben; Hovi, Inger Beate, Mjøsund, Christian S., Grønland, Stein, Fridell, Erik & Jerksjö, Martin (2020)
  Crossing borders and expanding modal shift measures: effects on mode choice and emissions from freight transport in the Nordics

  Sustainability, 12(894) Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12030894 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Considering the underachievement on modal shift and environmental objectives for freight transport, scholars and policy makers recurrently ask how more road freight can be shifted to rail and waterborne transport. The current study simulates transport and modal distribution effects for several scenarios in which modal shift policy measures are strengthened, expanded, combined, and harmonized across borders in the Nordics. Found transport effects were then used in an environmental model to assess implications for energy use and emissions of CO2,eq, NOx, and particulate matter, gaining insights into which policy measures are more effective or complement each other, and whether international harmonization might increase effectiveness, and modal shift. From our simulations, a Norwegian ecobonus scheme for rail yields larger modal shift away from road than a similar ecobonus for sea transport. Facilitating longer freight trains yields more modal shift but has high policy costs. Effects of harmonizing policies across Nordic countries vary but can be strengthened by combining different measures. However, even for scenarios with strong policy measures, reductions in CO2,eq emissions do not exceed 3.6% in 2030 while sometimes increasing local air pollution. Modal shift policy should therefore not exclusively be regarded as environmental strategy, although it may contribute to other policy objectives.

• Svanstrøm, Tobias; Stenheim, Tonny & Kulset, Ellen Hiorth Marthinsen (2020)
  KAM Disclosure in the Auditor’s Report – A Literature Review

  Finansiell og ikke-finansiell rapportering Festskrift til Hans Robert Schwencke, , s. 357-400. - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  The requirement of including Key Audit Matters (KAM) is the most significant change made to the auditor’s report in many years. The purpose of KAM is to meet the request from the users of accounting information to include more information in the auditor’s report on matters that are most significant and critical to the audit and, by that, enhancing the transparency and communicative value of the auditor’s report. Still, the KAM disclosure requirement may have both intended and unintended consequences for auditors, clients, users and regulators. Subsequent to the introduction of KAM, a significant number of research papers has explored the impact of KAM or similar reporting initiatives (CAM/RMM/EQM/JOA).2 Our literature review includes research published through May 2020. The review is structured into auditor consequences, user consequences, and client consequences. We carefully distinguish between various extended auditor reporting initiatives, such as KAM/CAM/RMM when discussing the research findings. Based on the archival research, the impact of KAM disclosure appears to be non-existent or at best very small. The experimental research papers focusing on KAM/CAM provide some indications of a behavioral impact. Still, these findings should be interpreted with caution since most of the participants in these experiments are less sophisticated than in a “real life setting”. The research activity in this area is high, and future research could help to further indicate and eventually confirm the various potential implications of the new reporting regime. Based on the available evidence at this point, the overall impact of the KAM/CAM disclosure requirement appears to be limited and, to some extent, mixed.

• Pollock, Kevin & Steen, Riana (2020)
  Total Defence Resilience: viable or not during COVID-19? A comparative study of Norway and the UK.

  Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy (RHCPP), 12(1) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/rhc3.12207 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  The Total Defence (TD) concept aims to provide an effective crisis response structure by increasing societal resilience. However, the complexity of its structure regarding resource mobilisation and management process highlights the need for a complexity-oriented approach in the operationalising of TD. We study the application of TD during the COVID19 crisis and explore what makes the TD a viable system with resilience capabilities in the face the crisis. We apply the Viable Systems Model as a methodology to compare the viability of the UK and Norwegian TD systems, both of which use systems networks to achieve resilience, and contrast the different outcomes of each country. Our analysis highlights that: Managing the complexity of the TDS requires that all of the involved agencies proactively adopt a transparent approach to a joint decision making. This demands a wide range of sources of innovative solutions at different levels. Joint exercises, developed by the responsible agencies, enhance mutual understating of roles and responsibilities and crisis response structure. This calls for institutionalised support to dedicate resources. To avoid communications challenges, involved agencies in the TDS need to adopt an open messaging strategy, highlighting how to deal with uncertainties in communicating of decisions and action.

• Mauritzen, Johannes (2020)
  Will the locals benefit?: The effect of wind power investments on rural wages

  Energy Policy, 142 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111489 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  An important and poorly understood question when communities consider wind power investments is whether the local population will benefit financially. I examine the effect of wind power investment on wages in rural counties in the US. I combine quarterly panel data on wages with data on all wind power plant investments larger than 1 megawatt (MW). Using a Bayesian multilevel model estimated by MCMC, I estimate a significant positive effect, with a magnitude consistent with a 2% permanent increase in wages following an investment in a large wind farm of 400 MW. However, this effect has large geographic and socioeconomic variation. Counties with low employment tend to see little impact on wages from wind power, potentially because slack in the labor market prevents wages from rising. From a policy perspective, these results are most relevant for local regulators and planners, who seek to balance the benefits and costs of wind farms to the community. This research indicates that wind farms can provide, on average, a modest boost to local wages, with some areas seeing an out-sized effect.

• Lyngstadås, Hakim (2019)
  An empirical investigation of how information sharing affects cash flow performance through competitive capability

  Supply chain management, 24(6) , s. 710-728. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/SCM-08-2018-0293 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Purpose – This paper aims to examine how information sharing affects cash flow performance through the competitive capabilities of low cost or product quality. Design/methodology/approach – In total, 159 survey responses were collected from Norwegian manufacturing firms in 2018. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to analyse the data collected. Findings – The low-cost competitive capability was found to positively mediate the effect of information sharing on cash flow performance. However, product quality competitive capability did not have a significant mediating effect between information sharing and cash flow performance. Rather, customer satisfaction fully mediated the relationship between product quality, capability and cash flow performance. The empirical results not only support how the competitive capabilities can be developed through information sharing but also illustrate that the competitive capabilities affect cash flow performance through different mediating routes. Originality/value – While information sharing and competitive capabilities have been studied previously with regard to financial performance, less emphasis has been placed on how customer satisfaction might explain the mediated relationship between product quality, competitive capability and financial performance. In addition, financial performance is measured by the proxy of cash flow. The use of cash flow as a performance measure leads to a more forward-looking financial performance measure. This is especially appropriate for non-listed firms

• Ruud, Flemming & Schramm, Katharina (2019)
  Update des Three Lines of Defence Models - Flexibilisierung und bessere Anwendbarkeit des Models durch Überarbeitung

  Expert Focus, 93(10) , s. 45-49.

• Velure, Eirik & Flygansvær, Bente Merete (2019)
  En logistikk-karriere verdt å feire

  [Professional Article]. Logistikk & Ledelse, nr. 9

• Flygansvær, Bente Merete (2019)
  Fly(t)effektivitiet i logistikken

  [Professional Article]. Logistikk & Ledelse, nr. 5

• Flygansvær, Bente Merete (2019)
  LOGMA inn i fremtiden

  [Professional Article]. Logistikk & Ledelse, nr. 8

• Flygansvær, Bente Merete (2019)
  Logistikk er et akademisk fag

  [Professional Article]. Logistikk & Ledelse, nr 6

• Flygansvær, Bente Merete (2019)
  Logistikk og SCM for en ny dag

  [Professional Article]. Logistikk & Ledelse, nr. 3

• Mauritzen, Johannes (2019)
  Are Solar Panels Commodities? Evidence of Quality Differences and Asymmetric Information

  European Journal of Operational Research, 280(1) , s. 365-382. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2019.07.001 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Solar panels should not be considered commodities. Considerable quality differences, as measured directly by degradation of production over time, are found between manufacturers. I test two implications from the theory of asymmetric information of quality and find: (1) Solar power systems with high-information third-party owners display higher quality than host-owned systems. (2) Furthermore, with a 85% probability, the price of solar panels that are owned by high-information owners are more highly correlated to quality. Methodologically, the article demonstrates a novel application of Bayesian hierarchical regression models that are increasingly popular in operations research and the decision sciences.

• Stensrud, Erik & Myrtveit, Ingunn (2019)
  The problem of High Confidence Mistakes of Deep Learning in Safety-critical functions

  Advances in Signal Processing and Artificial Intelligence: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Advances in Signal Processing and Artificial Intelligence,

• Steen, Riana (2019)
  On the Application of the Safety-II Concept in a Security Context

  European Journal for Security Research, 4(2) , s. 175-200. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41125-019-00041-0 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This paper presents an alternative and broader security risk perspective, incorporat-ing uncertainty, as a two-dimensional combination of (1) threat (Th) on value (Vl), (2) vulnerability (Vu) given coping capabilities (Cc), and associated uncertainties U (will the threat scenario occur? and to what degree are we vulnerable?). Moreo-ver, this work attempts to provide an integrated approach to the safety and secu-rity fields. We look closely into the issues related to Safety-I, Safety-II and security. Whereas conventional safety management approaches (Safety-I) are based on hind-sight knowledge and risk assessments calculating historical data-based probabilities, the concept of Safety-II looks for ways to enhance the ability of organisations to be resilient in the sense that they recognise, adapt to and absorb disturbances. Three determinants that shape the Safety-II concept in the security perspective are the capacity of organisations to operate in changing circumstances; formulating strat-egies that promote a willingness to devote resources to security purposes, driven mainly by the organisation’s leader; and an organisational culture that encourage people to speak up (respond), think creatively (anticipate), and act as mindful par-ticipants (monitor and learn). Based on clarifying some of the fundamental build-ing blocks of security risk assessment, this work develops an extended security risk assessment, including an analysis of both vulnerability and resilience. The analysis explores how the system works following any type of threat scenario and determines whether key functions and operations can be sustained.

• Tangenes, Tor & Sending, Aage (2019)
  Økonomistyring

  [Textbook]. Fagbokforlaget

• Ruud, Flemming & Schramm, Katharina (2019)
  Erwartungen und Mehrwerts des Internen Audits - Die Rolle wirksamer Kommunikation

  Expert Focus, 93(10) , s. 49-54.

• Downing, Jeff & Langli, John Christian (2019)
  Audit exemptions and compliance with tax and accounting regulations

  Accounting and Business Research, 49(1) , s. 28-67. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2018.1442707 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  We examine small firms’ compliance with tax and accounting regulations before and after a change in the threshold for mandatory auditing. Prior to 2011, all Norwegian firms were required to be audited. In 2011, a law change allowed small Norwegian firms to choose not to be audited. After this change, the Norwegian Directorate of Taxes conducted on- and off-site inspections of a representative sample of 2117 Norwegian firms, with a focus on compliance with specific requirements in tax and accounting regulation. We use the results from these inspections to construct a compliance quality score (CQS). We find that the firms that chose to opt out of auditing have lower CQS than do firms that chose to continue to be audited; that the CQS of firms that chose not to be audited declined after opting out; and that some of the opt-out firms fully mitigated the decline in CQS by engaging external accountants or auditors to prepare their annual financial statements. The results should be of interest to regulators considering increasing the thresholds for mandatory auditing, as our results show that (i) firms that choose not to be audited can experience a decline in CQS after opting out and (ii) CQS can be maintained at the same level as before if opt-out firms engage external consultants that assist in preparing the annual accounts.

• Stensrud, Erik & Myrtveit, Ingunn (2019)
  The Problem of High Confidence Mistakes of Deep Learning in Safety-critical Functions

  Advances in Signal Processing and Artificial Intelligence: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Advances in Signal Processing and Artificial Intelligence, , s. 98-102.

• Bjørndalen, Simen; Larsen, Kim-Rafiq Akthar & Svanstrøm, Tobias (2019)
  Rådgivningstjenester og revisjonskvalitet

  Magma forskning og viten, (1) , s. 65-79. - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Denne artikkelen analyserer vi den tiltenkte effekten av revisjonsforordningen om begrensninger i honorar for rådgivningstjenester (537/2014/EU).1 Den monetære begrensningen på rådgivningstjenester er satt til maksimalt 70 prosent av de siste tre års gjennomsnittlige honorar for lovpålagt revisjon.2 Vi undersøker hvorvidt målsettingen om økt revisjonskvalitet gjennom reduserte rådgivningstjenester har stadfeste i empiri. Vi benytter estimerte skjønnsmessige periodiseringer som måleparameter på revisjonskvalitet, ettersom dette er et relevant mål på revisors evne til å begrense ekstreme og opportunistiske regnskapsvalg fra ledelsen (Myers mfl., 2003). For å beregne andelen av estimerte skjønnsmessige periodiseringer har vi benyttet Modified Jones Model, som gjennom empiri har vist seg å være blant de mest anerkjente og brukte som indikasjon på lav regnskapskvalitet (Dechow mfl., 1995). Vi deler inn tre ulike nivåer på estimerte skjønnsmessige periodiseringer: resultatøkende, reduserende og absolutt. Det som skiller denne studien fra tidligere forskning, er blant annet dens rekkevidde. Undersøkelsen gjennomføres for 30 land i Europa, i perioden 2009 til 2015. Som et eksplorativt bidrag deler vi inn i fem ulike strata basert på regnskapsteoretiske likheter mellom nasjonene, og sammenligner mot hovedmodellene. Videre undersøker vi også hvorvidt vårt datasett kan underbygge 70 prosent-grensen på honorar for rådgivningstjenester slik den er fastsatt i revisjonsforordningen. Vår analyse kan antyde at rådgivningstjenester påvirker revisjonskvalitet negativt. Dette innebærer at en økning i rådgivningstjenester indikerer synkende kvalitet på revisjonen som utføres. Videre kan våre funn tyde på at begrensningen på honorar for rådgivningstjenester antageligvis er satt for høyt.

• Hope, Ole-Kristian; Lu, Haihao & Saiy, Sasan (2019)
  Director compensation and related party transactions

  Review of accounting studies, 24(14) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-019-09497-w - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This paper examines whether independent directors’ compensation is associated with related party transactions. We focus both on directors’ total compensation and their equity-based compensation. Employing hand-collected data for S&P 1500 firms, we find that independent directors’ compensation is significantly associated with related party transactions. Specifically, we find that the level of compensation is positively related to these transactions, but we do not find equity-based compensation to be associated with them. Next, we decompose the compensation measures into “market” (i.e., predicted) level and “excessive” components and find that the results are driven by the excessive components. This association between related party transactions and director compensation is moderated by corporate governance mechanisms, suggesting that the association between the two reflects a conflict of interest between insiders and shareholders.

• Lima, Alexandre; Borodin, Valeria, Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane & Vialletelle, Philippe (2019)
  Sampling-based release control of multiple lots in time constraint tunnels

  Computers in industry (Print), 110, s. 3-11. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2019.04.014 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Semiconductor wafer fabrication probably includes the most complex and constrained manufacturing processes due to its intricate and time-varying environment. This paper focuses on time constraint tunnels (TCTs), which can have a very high impact on the yield and reliability of final products. More precisely, the original problem faced by managers of controlling the release of multiple lots in a TCT is addressed in the context of a wafer facility operating in a High-Mix Medium-Volume manufacturing environment. To support the management of TCTs in an industrially acceptable context, a scheduling based sampling method is proposed to estimate the probability that multiple lots released at the entrance of a given TCT leave this TCT on time. In order to investigate the industrial viability and identify the limitations of the probability-estimation approach, numerical experiments are conducted on real-life data and analyzed through the prism of several relevant performance criteria. Insights gathered from this numerical analysis are then used to discuss the specific management requirements that stem from the criticality of TCTs in semiconductor manufacturing facilities.

• Christ, Quentin; Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane & Lepelletier, Guillaume (2019)
  An Iterated Min-Max procedure for practical workload balancing on non-identical parallel machines in manufacturing systems

  European Journal of Operational Research, 279(2) , s. 419-428. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2019.06.007 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This paper presents an original approach for a practical workload balancing problem on non-identical parallel machines in manufacturing systems. After showing the limitations of an initial model, in particular to support relevant decisions, the min–max fairness workload balancing problem is motivated and positioned in the literature. The Iterated Min–Max (IMM) procedure is then presented, with its properties, and illustrated. The IMM consists in solving a succession of linear programs using information from dual variables obtained at each iteration. Computational results on industrial instances show the relevance of the approach when compared to the initial model. The current use of the IMM procedure in an industrial tool is discussed.

• Bova, Francesco; Dou, Yiwei & Hope, Ole-Kristian (2019)
  Health Insurer Bargaining Power and Firms’ Incentives to Manage Earnings: Evidence From an Economic Shock

  Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance, 34(3) , s. 483-508. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0148558X17726141 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Health insurance premiums account for a significant portion of the cost base of U.S. corporations. A recent study finds that health insurance premiums increase for firms that experience positive profit shocks, suggesting that the U.S. health insurance market is not perfectly competitive. Motivated by this finding and the economic importance of health insurance premiums, this is the first study to examine firms’ earnings management incentives in the face of insurance carriers with strong bargaining power. We use an innovative data set for a large sample of U.S. firms with detailed information on insurance premiums and insurance plan characteristics. Using an economic shock to insurance firms’ bargaining power and difference-in-differences tests, we find that firms manage their reported earnings downward when insurance providers have strong bargaining power. We further show that this effect is more pronounced in settings in which there are ex ante reasons to expect stronger incentives to manage earnings downward. We also provide preliminary evidence suggesting that downward earnings management has the intended effect of mitigating future increases in health insurance premiums. Our analyses highlight an inefficient health insurance market as an important determinant of firms’ financial reporting choices.

• Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane; Hassoun, Michael & Sendon, Alejandro (2019)
  A Lagrangian heuristic for minimising risk using multiple heterogeneous metrology tools

  International Journal of Production Research, 58(4) , s. 1222-1238. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2019.1614693 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Motivated by the high investment and operational metrology cost, and subsequently the limited metrology capacity, in modern semiconductor manufacturing facilities, we model and solve the problem of optimally assigning the capacity of several imperfect metrology tools to minimise the risk in terms of expected product loss on heterogeneous production machines. In this paper, metrology tools can differ in terms of reliability and speed. The resulting problem can be reduced to a variant of the Generalized Assignment Problem (GAP), the Multiple Choice, Multiple Knapsack Problem (MCMKP). A Lagrangian heuristic, including multiple feasibility heuristics, is proposed to solve the problem that are tested on randomly generated instances.

• Nattaf, Margaux; Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane, Yugma, Claude & Wu, Cheng-Hung (2019)
  Parallel Machine Scheduling with Time Constraints on Machine Qualifications

  Computers & Operations Research, 107, s. 61-76. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2019.03.004 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This paper studies the scheduling of jobs of different families on parallel machines, where not all machines are qualified (eligible) to process all job families. Originating from semiconductor manufacturing, an important constraint imposes that the time between the processing of two consecutive jobs of the same family on a machine does not exceed a given time limit. Otherwise, the machine becomes disqualified for this family. The goal is to minimize both the flow time and the number of disqualifications of job families on machines. To solve this problem, an integer linear programming model and a constraint programming model are proposed, as well as two improvement procedures of existing heuristics: A Recursive Heuristic and a Simulated Annealing algorithm. Numerical experiments on randomly generated instances compare the performances of each method.

• Wu, Cheng-Hung; Yao, Yi-Chun, Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane & Yu, Cheng-Juei (2019)
  Dynamic dispatching and preventive maintenance for parallel machines with dispatching-dependent deterioration

  Computers & Operations Research, 113 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2019.104779 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  A dynamic decision model that coordinates dispatching and preventive maintenance decisions for failure- prone parallel machines in make-to-order (MTO) production environments is developed in this research. The primary objective is to minimize the weighted long-run average waiting costs of MTO systems. Two common but seldom studied stochastic factors, namely, the dispatching-dependent deterioration of ma- chines and machine-health-dependent production rates, are explicitly modeled in the proposed dynamic dispatching and preventive maintenance (DDPM) model. Although the DDPM model is developed using Markov decision processes, it is equally effective in non-Markovian production environments. The per- formance of the DDPM model is validated in Markovian and non-Markovian production environments. Compared with several methods from the literature, simulation results show an improvement of at least 45.2% in average job waiting times and a minimum reduction of 48.9% in average machine downtimes. The comparison results between the optimal dynamic dispatching policies with and without coordinated preventive maintenance show that performance improvement can be mostly attributed to the coordina- tion between preventive maintenance and dispatching decisions.

• García-León, Andrés Alberto; Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane & Mati, Yazid (2019)
  An efficient Pareto approach for solving the multi-objective flexible job-shop scheduling problem with regular criteria

  Computers & Operations Research, 108, s. 187-200. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2019.04.012 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  In this paper, a general local search approach for the Multi-Objective Flexible Job-shop Scheduling Problem (MOFJSP) is proposed to determine a Pareto front for any combination of regular criteria. The approach is based on a disjunctive graph, a fast estimation function to evaluate moves and a hierarchical test to efficiently control the set of non-dominated solutions. Four search strategies using two neighborhood structures are developed. Numerical experiments are conducted on test instances of the literature with three sets of criteria to minimize and using metrics to evaluate and compare Pareto fronts. The results show that our approach provides sets of non-dominated solutions of good quality.

• Che, Limei & Svanstrøm, Tobias (2019)
  Team Composition and Labor Allocation in Audit Teams: A Descriptive Note

  Managerial Auditing Journal, 34(5) , s. 514-544. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-08-2018-1986 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  The purpose of this paper is to describe, illustrate and provide a deeper understanding of team composition and labor allocation in audit teams by quantifying the exact value of resources at different levels of the audit production. Audit teams have been considered as a black box in audit research. Therefore, this paper reports descriptive statistics on (levels and proportions of) hours and costs allocated to auditor ranks (and the number and value, i.e. billing rates, of auditors for different ranks and the entire team) to shed new light on audit teams. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a proprietary data set containing disaggregated information on hours, costs and billing rates for each team member in each of 908 audit engagements. The data are provided by a Swedish Big 4 audit firm. The study uses a purely descriptive approach and categorizes auditors into seven ranks. As size and the publicly listed status are crucial determinants of audit production, the paper splits engagements in public and private companies and reports statistics for size quartiles of both public and private clients. Findings The paper provides descriptive statistics for (1) client size, (2) audit team members, (3) audit hours, (4) audit costs, (5) proportion of audit hours, (6) proportion of audit costs, (7) billing rates and (8) variation of billing rates. Results show that compared to private clients, the audit firm allocates higher effort from auditors in higher ranks and lower effort from auditors in lower ranks to public clients. Another finding is that allocation varies with client size for private clients, but less so for public clients. Originality/value In an area with sparse literature, this descriptive study serves as a first step to improve our understanding and guide future research. It provides concrete support for previously known theory.

• Flygansvær, Bente Merete; Dahlstrøm, Robert & Nygaard, Arne (2019)
  Green innovation in recycling - A preliminary analysis of reversed logistics in Norway

  World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 15(6) , s. 719-733. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1504/WREMSD.2019.104860 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  There has been an exponential growth of new electronic products in the global consumer market. New electronic consumer products generate a growing need for new methods, processes and entrepreneurship in recycling. In this study, we examine how entrepreneurs involved in the recycling of electronic products innovate to create a more sustainable circular economy. The recycling system must take care of electronics that contains hazardous materials. Also, a recycling system should prevent the waste of potentially useful materials. Thus, entrepreneurship is crucial to improve the handling of toxic material and processing technology to reuse valuable elements. Innovation therefore is essential to facilitate a sustainable recycling process. In this study, we analyse entrepreneurial innovation in the light of the organisational structure of the recycling system. Following a study of 108 recycling entrepreneurs, competition and specific investments are found to be important factors that drive the sustainable innovation that make Norway one of the countries with the highest recycling rates of electronic and electric waste.

• Tangerås, Thomas & Mauritzen, Johannes (2019)
  Real-time versus day-ahead market power in a hydro-based electricity market

  The Journal of Industrial Economics, 66(4) , s. 904-941. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/joie.12186 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This paper develops a theoretical framework to analyze the link between real-time and day-ahead competition in a hydro-based wholesale electricity market. Predictions of the model are tested on a detailed data set of trades and prices from the Nordic power exchange, Nord Pool. We study market performance before and after a reform that increased the number of price areas (local markets) in Sweden, and reject the hypothesis of perfect competition in some of the Swedish price areas. Our results suggest that firms exercised some local market power during the sample period.

• Steen, Riana & Morsut, Claudia (2019)
  Resilience in Crisis Management at the Municipal Level: The Synne Storm in Norway

  Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy (RHCPP), Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/rhc3.12178 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This paper focuses on the role resilience plays in flood crisis management at the municipal level. Drawing from crisis management and the resilience literature, we outline a conceptual framework for crisis management that incorporates resilience abilities, namely the ability to respond, monitor, anticipate, and learn. Then, through an in‐depth analysis of a flood event, provoked by the Synne storm in Norway in 2015, we explore the extent to which Eigersund municipality succeeded in managing the flood. We conclude by outlining the importance of resilience abilities to cope with learning and coordination challenges and by proposing further research endeavors.

• Ruud, Flemming & Schramm, Katharina (2018)
  EU-Audit-Reform: Welche Aspekte sind auch in der Schweiz zu berücksichtigen? - Schweizer Unternehmen fassen möglicherweise Wechsel der Prüfungsgesellschaft ins Auge

  Expert Focus, 92, s. 16-21.

• Kvaal, Erlend (2018)
  Discussion of `Making Deferred Taxes Relevant?

  Accounting in Europe, 15(2) , s. 231-241. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17449480.2018.1473618

  Vis sammendrag

  In this discussion of Brouwer and Naarding's article ‘Making Deferred Taxes Relevant’, which is published in this issue of Accounting in Europe, I question several aspects of their proposal to change the tax accounting standard. I argue that a quest for more value relevance of individual balance sheet items is not a good guideline for accounting standard setting. The distinction between book-first and tax-first temporary differences may be helpful for some analytical purposes, but it is not sufficiently robust to serve as a basis for an accounting standard. However, I agree with the authors that the efforts to improve IAS 12 should not be abandoned.

• Tamssaouet, Karim; Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane & Yugma, Claude (2018)
  Metaheuristics for the job-shop scheduling problem with machine availability constraints

  Computers & industrial engineering, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2018.08.008

• Ruud, Flemming; Schramm, Katharina & Kyburz, Adrian (2018)
  Aktueller Stand der internen Steuerung und Kontrolle in der Schweiz

  [Popular Science Article]. Expert Focus, 92(10) , s. 784-789.

• Ruud, Flemming & Schneider, Markus P (2018)
  Zusammenarbeit zwischen Verwaltungsrat und Audit - Wie beeinflusst internationale Board-Erfahrung die Arbeit interner und externer Assurance Provider? (2018/12). 987-991. ISSN 2297-5624

  [Popular Science Article]. Expert Focus, 92, s. 987-991.

• Langli, John Christian (2018)
  Fra bilag til bruk. Innføring i finansregnskap og regnskapsanalyse

  [Textbook]. Gyldendal Akademisk

• Flygansvær, Bente Merete (2018)
  Økende krav til tempo

  [Professional Article]. Logistikk & Ledelse, 31(3) , s. 20-24.

• Ruud, Flemming & Schramm, Katharina (2018)
  EU-Audit-Reform: Welche Aspekte sind auch in der Schweiz zu berücksichtigen? - Schweizer Unternehmen fassen möglicherweise Wechsel der Prüfungsgesellschaft ins Auge. Expert Focus 2018 ;Volum 92. s. 16-21

  Expert Focus, 92, s. 16-21.

• Bø, Eirill; Grønland, Stein Erik & Jahre, Marianne (2018)
  Forsyningskjeder og logistikk

  [Textbook]. Fagbokforlaget

• Ruud, Flemming & Schramm, Katharina (2018)
  Denkansätze zum Wertbeitrag des Internen Audits für den Unternehmenserfolg - Zentrale Implikationen für die Umsetzung

  [Popular Science Article]. Expert Focus, 92(10) , s. 793-796.

• Tamssaouet, Karim; Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane, Yugma, Claude, Knopp, Sebastian & Pinaton, Jacques (2018)
  A Study on the Integration of Complex Machines in Complex Job Shop Scheduling

  Winter simulation conference : proceedings,

• Flygansvær, Bente Merete (2018)
  Supply Chain Planning i en ny tid

  [Professional Article]. Logistikk & Ledelse, nr. 8

• Jahre, Marianne & Jahre, Martine (2018)
  Logistics Preparedness and Response: A Case of Strategic Change

  Decision-making in Humanitarian Operations: Strategy, Behavior and System Dynamics, , s. 3-29. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91509-8_1

• Langli, John Christian & Willekens, Marleen (2018)
  The Economics of Auditor Regulation

  At the Forefront, Looking Ahead: Research-Based Answers to Contemporary Uncertainties of Management, , s. 159-176. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18261/9788215031583-2018-11

• Engebrethsen, Erna S. & Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane (2018)
  Transportation mode selection in inventory models: A literature review

  European Journal of Operational Research, 279, s. 1-25. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2018.11.067 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Despite the significant share of transportation costs in logistics costs and the importance of considering transportation in inventory models, the majority of the existing models either neglect or simplify transportation costs and capacities, often assuming that only one transportation option is available. The complexity of modeling and choosing the optimal transportation mode or combination of modes has increased due to the increased variety of transportation options and pricing schedules after deregulation. In this paper, we review and classify inventory models with multiple transportation modes focusing on the freight cost functions, mode characteristics and the methods for modeling multiple modes. To our knowledge, no such review has previously been published. We discuss the benefits and weaknesses of each modeling method and, based on industrial practices, identify new areas for research.

• Bleibtreu, Christopher & Stefani, Ulrike (2018)
  Auditor Incentives and the Structure of the Audit Market – A Basic Model for Investigating Simultaneous Effects of Audit Market Regulations

  BFuP. Betriebswirtschaftliche Forschung und Praxis, 70(4) , s. 416-439.

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  For decades, legislators worldwide have been discussing the merits of regulating their national audit markets. In this debate, the focus has primarily been on the regulations’ effects on incentives, both those of preparers of financial statements to report truthfully and those of auditors to detect errors or even fraud and to correctly report their findings to the public. For some of the proposed measures, the empirical evidence as to whether they indeed improve such incentives remains inconclusive. In addition, there is a concern that certain regulations could negatively affect the structure of the audit market. Changes in the market structure, in turn, can either attenuate or reinforce the regulations’ effects on preparers’ and auditors’ incentives. To a large extent, this unintended side-effect has been neglected in the discussions. We adapt a spatial competition model to the audit market. This model allows simultaneously analyzing the incentive and market structure effects resulting from regulations and thus determining their overall impact

• Hope, Ole-Kristian & Wang, Jingjing (2018)
  Management deception, big-bath accounting, and information asymmetry: Evidence from linguistic analysis

  Accounting, Organizations and Society, 70(October) , s. 33-51. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2018.02.004

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  Accounting big baths are pervasive in practice. While big baths can improve the information environment and reduce information asymmetry, they can also degrade the information environment and obscure operating performance. In this study, we examine the role of management ethics. Specifically, we investigate whether managers’ truthfulness (or conversely, deceptiveness) affects how investors perceive big baths. Using linguistic analysis on earnings-conference calls to measure managerial deception and employing a difference-in-differences research design with propensity-score matching, we find that information asymmetry is significantly higher following big baths taken by deceptive CEOs, compared with big baths taken by less deceptive CEOs.

• Tamssaouet, Karim; Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane & Yugma, Claude (2018)
  Metaheuristics for the job-shop scheduling problem with machine availability constraints

  Computers & industrial engineering, 125, s. 1-8. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2018.08.008

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  This paper addresses the job-shop scheduling problem in which the machines are not available during the whole planning horizon and with the objective of minimizing the makespan. The disjunctive graph model is used to represent job sequences and to adapt and extend known structural properties of the classical job-shop scheduling problem to the problem at hand. These results have been included in two metaheuristics (Simulated Annealing and Tabu Search) with specific neighborhood functions and diversification structures. Computational experiments on problem instances of the literature show that our Tabu Search approach outperforms Simulated Annealing and existing approaches.

• Mesrobian, Harutjun; Tveit, Kjetil Moen & Stenheim, Tonny (2018)
  Effekter av ny leasingsstandard IFRS 16 for børsnoterte foretak i Norge

  Magma forskning og viten, 21(1) , s. 25-34. - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Denne artikkelen forsøker å illustrere effekten på resultat, balanse og sentrale forholdstall ved implementering av ny regnskapsstandard for leieavtaler IFRS 16. Denne standarden skiller ikke lenger mellom finansielle leieavtaler som skal innregnes på balansen, og operasjonelle leieavtaler som ikke skal innregnes på balansen, slik tilfellet var under IAS 17 Leieavtaler. Den nye standarden krever at alle leieavtaler skal innregnes på balansen. Studien er gjennomført som en kvantitativ studie av børsnoterte foretak i Norge basert på informasjon i årsrapportene fra 2015. Regnskapstallene for 2015 er omarbeidet slik at de i størst mulig grad følger reguleringen i IFRS 16. Selve metoden som er benyttet for omarbeidelsen av regnskapstallene, kalles balanseføringsmetoden og er utviklet av Imhoff mfl. (1991). Som følge av omarbeidelsen øker balanseførte eiendeler med 2,8 prosent (ekskludert finans- og forsikringsnæringen: 6,8 prosent). De balanseførte forpliktelsene øker tilsvarende med 2,9 prosent (9,4 prosent). Vi finner derimot en marginal endring i egenkapitalen. EBIT øker derimot med 35,7 prosent (58,8 prosent). Den regnskapsmessige effekten har medført endring i samtlige nøkkeltall som ble undersøkt. Rentabilitetstallene blir bedre etter omarbeidelsen, samtidig som gjeldsgraden økes og egenkapitalandelen reduseres. Resultatene viser at implementeringen av IFRS 16 vil medføre en endring av regnskapstallene, men vil dette påvirke regnskapsbrukerne? De nye reglene burde isolert sett ikke påvirke atferden til regnskapsbrukerne. Et foretak vil ha de samme økonomiske eiendelene og forpliktelsene før og etter implementeringen av IFRS 16. Det er kun presentasjonen av disse i regnskapet som endres. Om atferden til regnskapsbrukerne endres eller ikke, vil i stor grad være avhengig av brukernes evne til å avdekke de faktiske økonomiske realitetene i foretaket. Ny standard er forventet å øke regnskapskvaliteten ved at de økonomiske realitetene bedre gjenspeiles i regnskapet. Balanseføring av alle leieavtaler reduserer behovet for justeringer av regnskapstallene, og sammenlignbarheten på tvers av foretak økes. Gjennom dette vil regnskapsbrukerne kunne få et bedre beslutningsgrunnlag.

• Mohammadi, Mehrdad; Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane & Yugma, Claude (2018)
  Performance evaluation of single and multi-class production systems using an approximating queuing network

  International Journal of Production Research, 57(5) , s. 1497-1523. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1492163 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Performance evaluation, and in particular cycle time estimation, is critical to optimise production plans in high-tech manufacturing industries. This paper develops a new aggregation model based on queuing network, so-called queue-based aggregation (QAG) model, to estimate the cycle time in a production system. Multiple workstations in serial and job-shop configurations are aggregated into a single-step workstation. The parameters of the aggregated workstation are approximated based on the parameters of the original workstations. Numerical experiments indicate that the proposed QAG model is computationally efficient and yields fairly accurate results when compared to other aggregation approaches in the literature.

• Kao, Yu-Ting; Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane, Blue, Jakey & Chang, Shi-Chung (2018)
  Impact of integrating equipment health in production scheduling for semiconductor fabrication

  Computers & industrial engineering, 120(June) , s. 450-459. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2018.04.053

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  Monitoring the Equipment Health Indicator (EHI) of critical machines helps effectively to maintain process quality and reduce wafer scrap, rework, and machine breakdowns. To model and illustrate the integration of EHI in scheduling decisions to balance between productivity and quality risk, this paper presents two mixed integer linear programs to schedule jobs on heterogeneous parallel batching machines. The capability of a machine to process a job is categorized as preferred, acceptable, and unfavorable based on the job requirements. The quality risk of processing a job by a machine is a function of its EHI and the capability level of the machine for the job, which is modeled as a penalty in the objective function of trading-off between productivity and quality risk. The first model is static and assumes constant EHI of machines on the scheduling horizon, whereas the second model considers the EHI dynamics, i.e., the machine condition deteriorates over time based on the scheduled jobs. Numerical experiments indicate the potential applications of using EHI-integrated scheduling approaches to analyze and optimize the trade-off between productivity and quality risk.

• Absi, Nabil; Archetti, Claudia, Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane, Feillet, Dominique & Speranza, M. Grazia (2018)
  Comparing sequential and integrated approaches for the production routing problem

  European Journal of Operational Research, 269(2) , s. 633-646. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2018.01.052

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  We consider the Production Routing Problem where production planning, inventory management and distribution planning decisions must be taken. We compare two sequential approaches, one in which production decisions are optimized first and one in which distribution decisions are optimized first, with an integrated approach where all decisions are simultaneously optimized. Some properties of the solutions obtained with the different approaches are shown. Computational experiments are performed on instances of different size which are generated using two critical parameters. The numerical results illustrate the properties and show that the benefits of the integrated approach over the two sequential ones depend on the trade-off between production and distribution costs and on the trade-off between setup and inventory costs in production.

• Hope, Ole-Kristian & Zhao, Wuyang (2018)
  Market reactions to the closest peer firm?s analyst revisions

  Accounting and Business Research, 48(4) , s. 345-372. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2017.1407628

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  Prior analyst literature focuses on the impact of financial analysts on the firms they cover, and prior information-transfer literature concentrates on the externalities of information provided by management. This paper fills gaps in both streams of literature by examining the focal firm’s market reactions to the closest peer firm’s (identified by product similarity) analyst revisions. We find that the focal firm’s stock price reacts to the closest peer’s analyst revisions made by analysts who are not covering the focal firm. The focal firm’s cumulative abnormal return for a five-day window centered on the revision date is 0.54% higher if the peer firm’s analyst revision magnitude is in the top decile than if it is in the bottom decile. Cross-sectional tests show that the sensitivity of the focal firm’s market reactions to the peer firm’s revisions increases with the revision informativeness and the similarity between the focal firm and the peer firm. In addition, we find that focal firms do not react to peer firms’ revisions in industries with strong competition where the competitive effects cancel out the spillover effects. Finally, we find that the focal firm’s market reactions can predict its own future analyst revisions, suggesting that the reactions are at least partially rational.

• Chen, Feng; Hope, Ole-Kristian, Li, Qinyuan & Wang, Xin (2018)
  Flight to Quality in International Markets: Investors? Demand for Financial Reporting Quality during Political Uncertainty Events

  Contemporary Accounting Research, 35(1) , s. 117-155. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12355

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  We examine whether international equity mutual fund managers shift their portfolios toward stocks with higher financial reporting quality (FRQ) during periods of high political uncertainty. Our study is motivated by two primary factors. First, prior research shows evidence of fund managers’ “flight to quality” (e.g., to less risky securities) during periods of uncertainty. Second, recent theoretical research concludes that stocks with higher FRQ are assessed as less sensitive to systematic risk (such as political uncertainty). We employ national elections as exogenous increases in systematic risk in the local markets and accordingly use an international sample of mutual funds that focus on local markets. We find that mutual fund managers shift their equity holdings to stocks with higher FRQ during election periods when political uncertainty is higher. Such a flight‐to‐quality effect is less pronounced for elections with larger expected electoral margins in the pre‐election period (i.e., when the incumbent is more likely to win the election) and for countries with higher transactions costs. In contrast, the effect is more pronounced when governments have greater involvement in the local economy. Our inferences are robust to alternative proxies for political uncertainty and FRQ and to numerous other sensitivity analyses.

• Andreou, Panayiotis; Cooper, Ilan, Lopez, Ignacio Garcia de Olalla & Louca, Christodoulos (2018)
  Managerial Overconfidence and the Buyback Anomaly

  Journal of Empirical Finance, 49, s. 142-156. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jempfin.2018.09.005 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  While positive, long-run abnormal returns following share repurchase announcements are substantially lower when CEOs are overconfident. This effect is particularly strong for (i) difficult to value firms, such as small, young, non-dividend paying, distressed, and having negative earnings firms, (ii) firms with poor past stock return performance and high book-to-market ratio, indicators of possible overreaction to bad news, and (iii) financially constrained firms. Overall, these results are consistent with the mispricing hypothesis as a motive for repurchases and as an explanation for the buyback anomaly. Additionally, irrespective of the CEO’s level of confidence, abnormal returns are considerably larger for financially constrained firms, implying their managers require larger undervaluation due to the higher cost of capital.

• Frydenlund, Jonas; Madsen, Dag Øivind, Stenheim, Tonny & Grønseth, Bjørn Ove (2018)
  Bruk av ikke-finansiell prestasjonsmåling i norske produksjonsbedrifter

  Beta – Scandinavian Journal of Business Research, 32(1) , s. 100-126. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18261/issn.1504-3134-2018-01-06 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  I de senere årene har prestasjonsmåling kommet i fokus, og særlig ikke-finansielle nøkkeltall og såkalt balansert målstyring har blitt stadig viktigere. I denne studien ser vi nærmere på bruk av ikke-finansiell prestasjonsmåling i norske produksjonsbedrifter. Resultatene viser at bedriftene måler både finansiell og ikke-finansiell informasjon. Ansattrelaterte og finansielle mål er de to mest brukte kategoriene prestasjonsmål. Selv om det er ulik grad av viktighet blant prestasjonsmålene, er alle perspektivene i balansert målstyring representert blant de mest brukte prestasjonsmålene. Studien viser også at bedrifter som bruker balansert målstyring, ikke er de bedriftene som har fokus på de ikke-finansielle prestasjonsmålene, noe som indikerer at utstrakt bruk av prestasjonsmål er uavhengig av om bedriften bruker balansert målstyring. Resultatene tyder på at bedrifter som opplever usikkerhet i omgivelsene eller bruker elementer av Just-in-Time, bruker et bredt spekter av prestasjonsmål. Under de andre betingelsene er man mer selektiv i valg av prestasjonsmål. For eksempel vil valg av prestasjonsmål i forbindelse med strategi avhenge av hvordan bedriften forsøker å differensiere seg. Resultatene tyder også på at norske produksjonsbedrifter har en tendens til å ha en sentralisert beslutningsstruktur, men at dette avhenger noe av de andre betingelsene.

• Jahre, Marianne; Kembro, Joakim, Adjahossou, Anicet & Altay, Nezih (2018)
  Approaches to the design of refugee camps – An empirical study in Kenya, Ethiopia, Greece and Turkey

  Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 8(3) , s. 323-345. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/JHLSCM-07-2017-0034 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Purpose – An unprecedented scale of human migration has lead humanitarians to view camps as long-term settlements rather than temporary holding facilities. The purpose of this paper is to increase the understanding of and identify challenges with this proposed new approach to camp design. Design/methodology/approach – Based on the camp design literature, the authors developed an interview guide and checklist for data collection. A multi-site case study and within- and cross-case analysis was then conducted. Findings – The findings suggest that the proposed new approach is implemented only to a limited extent, and mostly in a stepwise manner. As camps mature, there is a shift toward the new approach, but most camps are established using the traditional top-down, temporary, and isolated approach. Research limitations/implications – The findings are based on four camps in four different countries and do not provide an exhaustive global coverage. Practical implications – The insights the authors derived and the challenges identified from the empirical evidence can be used to better plan future camps. Social implications – The results can support improvements in camp design, thus alleviating suffering for both refugees and host communities, particularly in developing countries. In particular, the trade-off between a permanent solution and the temporary must be accounted for. Originality/value – The study contributes to the literature by developing and proposing a conceptual framework to camp design. The cross-case analysis provides an initial understanding and categorization of challenges with implementing the new approach. It also suggests an evolutionary perspective of camp design

• Smørholm, Margareth & Steen, Riana (2018)
  Økonomi og ledelse: Næringslivsøkonomi

  [Textbook]. Fagbokforlaget

• Rowshannahad, Mehdi; Absi, Nabil, Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane & Cassini, Bernard (2018)
  Multi-item bi-level supply chain planning with multiple remanufacturing of reusable by-products

  International Journal of Production Economics, 198, s. 25-37. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2018.01.014

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  In this paper, we investigate a multi-item production planning problem in which remanufacturable raw materials are used for manufacturing the final products. The used raw material (considered as a kind of by-product) needs to be remanufactured before being suitable to be used again to manufacture other final products. However, byproducts can be remanufactured only a given number of times. The manufacturing and remanufacturing processes are performed in separated production processes with limited capacity. Each product may be produced using specific raw material references (newly purchased and/or remanufactured). The original industrial case study is based on the supply chain of Silicon-On-Insulator fabrication units. The problem is modeled as a mixed integer linear mathematical program. Using numerical examples based on industrial data, the model is validated and its behavior is analyzed. Finally, some industrial and academic perspectives to this study are proposed.

• Madsen, Dag Øivind; Stenheim, Tonny, Hansen, Steffen Boas, Zagheri, Ali & Grønseth, Bjørn Ove (2018)
  Wage expenditures and sporting success: An analysis of Norwegian and Swedish football 2010-2013

  Cogent Social Sciences, 4:1457423, s. 1-14. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2018.1457423 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This study examines the relationship between wage expenditures and sporting success in Norwegian and Swedish football. While previous studies have shown a strong correlation between wage expenditures and sporting success, some question whether there is a correlation between what football players earn and their performance on the football pitch. In this study, we use data from 44 Norwegian and Swedish football clubs over a four-year-period from 2010 to 2013. We find a significant correlation between wage expenditures and sporting success measured in terms of final league standing and results in cup competitions. We also find a significant correlation between wage expenditures and spectator attendance. There are also some differences across the countries. For example, wage expenditures have stronger explanatory power in Sweden than in Norway. We discuss possible explanations for these differences.

• Sharifyazdi, Mehdi; Navangul, Kautsubh Anil, Gharehgozli, Amir & Jahre, Marianne (2018)
  On- and offshore prepositioning and delivery mechanism for humanitarian relief operations

  International Journal of Production Research, 56(18) , s. 6164-6182. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1477260 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Traditionally, international humanitarian organisations have used on-demand dispatch of disaster relief goods from regional logistics units (RLUs) for sudden onset disaster response. This paper investigates the improvements in efficiency and resilience of disaster relief operations by combining the existing method of onshore prepositioning of relief items in RLUs with offshore prepositioning of relief items on-board vessels and at seaport terminals. The problem is formulated as a linear programming model that incorporates different logistical costs, including inventory cost, replenishment cost, and transportation cost, to find the best combination of disaster relief methods. At the tactical level, the model determines how much and where disaster relief items need to be prepositioned. At the operational level, the model addresses how much and by which mode of transport the disaster relief items need to be transported to disaster points. The model is tested on 16 major disasters in Southeast Asia. The main finding is that offshore prepositioning can contribute to cost reduction and resilience without compromising on the speed or the scale of the response. The results also suggest that the benefits depend on the duration of the disaster emergency period and the ratio of offshore storage cost to onshore storage cost.

• Shen, Liji; Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane & Neufeld, Janis S. (2018)
  Solving the flexible job shop scheduling problem with sequence-dependent setup times

  European Journal of Operational Research, 265(2) , s. 503-516. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2017.08.021

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  This paper addresses the flexible job shop scheduling problem with sequence-dependent setup times and where the objective is to minimize the makespan. We first present a mathematical model which can solve small instances to optimality, and also serves as a problem representation. After studying structural properties of the problem using a disjunctive graph model, we develop a tabu search algorithm with specific neighborhood functions and a diversification structure. Extensive experiments are conducted on benchmark instances. Test results first show that our algorithm outperforms most existing approaches for the classical flexible job shop scheduling problem. Additional experiments also confirm the significant improvement achieved by integrating the propositions introduced in this study.

• Fleten, Stein-Erik; Mauritzen, Johannes & Ullrich, Carl J. (2018)
  The other renewable: Hydropower upgrades and renewable portfolio standards

  Energy Journal, 39(2) , s. 197-217. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5547/01956574.39.2.sfle - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  A total of 29 U.S. states and the District of Columbia have in place mandatory Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) which require that a minimum amount of energy come from renewable resources. We investigate the role of hydropower vis-a-vis other renewables under RPS. Using a Bayesian multilevel model, we find that hydropower plants subject to RPS are more likely to plan upgrades. These planned upgrades appear to be a substitute for solar and wind rather than complementary reserve generation.

• Schwencke, Hans Robert; Haugen, Dag Olav, Baksaas, Kjell Magne, Stenheim, Tonny & Avlesen-Østli, Erik (2018)
  Årsregnskapet i teori og praksis 2017

  Gyldendal Akademisk

• Senoussi, Ahmed; Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane, Brahimi, Nadjib, Penz, Bernard & Mouss, Nadia Kinza (2018)
  Heuristics Based on Genetic Algorithms for the Capacitated Multi Vehicle Production Distribution Problem

  Computers & Operations Research, 96(August) , s. 108-119. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2018.04.010

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  In this paper, we consider the integration of production, inventory and distribution decisions in a sup- ply chain composed of one production facility supplying several retailers located in the same region. The supplier is far from the retailers compared to the distance between retailers. Thus, the traveling cost of each vehicle from the supplier to the region is assumed to be fixed and there is a fixed delivery (service) cost for each visited retailer. The objective is to minimize the sum of the costs at the production facility and at the retailers. The problem is more general than the One-Warehouse Multi-Retailer problem and is a special case of the Production Routing Problem. Five heuristics based on a Genetic Algorithm are proposed to solve the problem. In particular, three of them include the resolution of a Mixed Integer Pro- gram as subproblem to generate new individuals in the population. The results show that the heuristics can find optimal solutions for small and medium size instances. On large instances, the gaps obtained by the heuristics in less than 300 s are better than the ones obtained by a standard solver in two hours.

• Stenheim, Tonny; Beckman, Anna N., Valltoft, Cathrine O. & Madsen, Dag Øivind (2018)
  The Value Relevance of Alternative Performance Measures: Evidence from the Oslo Stock Exchange

  Journal of Governance and Regulation, 7(4) , s. 27-41. Doi: https://doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v7_i4_p4 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Companies disclose alternative performance measures (APMs), either to provide useful information to the market, or strategically in order to mislead the market. Using traditional price and return regressions, this study examines the value relevance of APMs and whether such measures are more value relevant than financial statement measures. The sample consists of the 100 largest companies listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange with quarterly data from 2012 to 2016. We find APMs to be value relevant for investors on the Oslo Stock Exchange. Furthermore, we conclude that APMs are more value relevant than financial statement measures. However, this finding should be interpreted with caution since the results are of limited statistical significance. Overall, the findings of this study suggest that companies disclose APMs to inform rather than mislead the market

• Dou, Yiwei; Hope, Ole-Kristian, Thomas, Wayne B. & Zou, Youli (2018)
  Blockholder Exit Threats and Financial Reporting Quality

  Contemporary Accounting Research, 35(2) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12404

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  Recent theoretical and empirical studies suggest that blockholders (shareholders with ownership ≥ 5 percent) exert governance through the threat of exit. Blockholders have strong incentives to gather private information and sell their shares when managers are perceived to underperform. To prevent blockholders from selling their shares and the firm from suffering a stock price decline, managers align their actions with the interests of shareholders. As a result of the greater manager‐shareholder alignment, managers' actions are more likely to be in shareholders' best interest, and consequently there is less need for managers to manipulate earnings. Consistent with these predictions from economic theory, we find evidence that as exit threat increases, firms have higher financial reporting quality. Theory also predicts that the impact of blockholders' exit threat on financial reporting quality (FRQ) should increase as the manager's wealth is tied more closely to the stock price, and this is what we find. Our study contributes to the research on the impact of shareholders on FRQ and to an emerging literature on the impact of blockholders in financial markets. Blockholders play an important role in managers' reporting outcomes through their actions as informed investors.

• Nygaard, Arne; Gripsrud, Geir & Bø, Eirill (2018)
  Ledelse av Forsyningskjeder

  [Textbook]. Fagbokforlaget

• Løvaas, Ingrid Dahle; Madsen, Dag Øivind, Stenheim, Tonny & Korhonen-Sande, Silja (2018)
  Fra bokfører til rådgiver? En analyse av utviklingen i kravene til regnskapsføreres kunnskaper, ferdigheter og holdninger i perioden 2005-2015

  Beta – Scandinavian Journal of Business Research, 32(2) , s. 165-180. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18261/issn.1504-3134-2018-02-03 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Formålet med artikkelen er å undersøke hvordan endringene i regnskapsførerbransjen har påvirket kravene som regnskapskontorene setter til nye ansattes kunnskaper, ferdigheter og holdninger, og hvilke HR-tiltak kontorene iverksetter for å støtte sine ansatte. Artikkelens datagrunnlag er en kvantitativ innholdsanalyse av totalt 986 stillingsannonser fra henholdsvis 2005 og 2015 publisert på FINN.no. Resultatene tyder på at det har skjedd en utvikling i retning av at regnskapskontorer søker etter en annen type regnskapsførere med mer variert kompetanse, ferdigheter og karaktertrekk enn før.

• Flygansvær, Bente Merete; Dahlstrøm, Robert & Nygaard, Arne (2018)
  Exploring the Pursuit of Sustainability in Reverse Supply Chains for Electronics

  Journal of Cleaner Production, 189, s. 472-484. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.014 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Abstract: This study examines reverse supply chains in the electronics industry. The analysis characterizes the flow of resources among firms in a reverse supply chain in the Norwegian electronics industry. The study subsequently examines influences of governance mechanisms and culture on the social, ecological, and economic performance in the supply chain. Based on principal-agency theory, the authors implicate collaboration, monitoring, and specific assets as determinants of the interfirm culture operating in the reverse supply chain. The interfirm culture and collaboration serve as antecedents to triple bottom line performance. Data collected with Norwegian electronics collectors indicate that collaboration and interfirm culture influence ecological, economic, and relational components of sustainable performance.

• Dekeyser, Simon; Gaeremynck, Ann & Willekens, Marleen (2018)
  Evidence of Industry Scale Effects on Audit Hours, Billing Rates, and Pricing

  Contemporary Accounting Research, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12460 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Using a proprietary dataset consisting of all private firm audit engagements in 2000 from one Big 4 firm in Belgium, we investigate: (1) whether audit office industry scale is associated with a reduction of total, partner and staff audit hours and thus with efficiency gains triggered by organizational learning from servicing more clients in an industry; and (2) whether the extent of efficiency pass‐on from the auditor to its clients depends on the audit firm's market power. We find that auditor office industry scale is associated with efficiency gains and a reduction of the variable costs (i.e., fewer total audit hours, partner hours, and staff hours), ceteris paribus. Our results also suggest that, on average, realized efficiencies are entirely passed on as evidenced by a non‐significant effect of auditor industry scale on the auditor's billing rate. Furthermore, we find that the extent of the efficiency pass‐on decreases with the market power of the audit firm in the industry market segment as we document a higher billing rate for auditors with high market power (versus low market power). In addition, we find that the lower audit hours associated with auditor industry scale do not compromise audit quality.

• Kvaal, Erlend (2017)
  The Role and Current Status of IFRS in the Completion of National Accounting Rules?Evidence from Norway

  Accounting in Europe, 14(1-2) , s. 150-157. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17449480.2017.1304646

• Steen, Riana & Tangenes, Tor (2017)
  The trinity of resilient organisation: aligning performance management with organisational culture and strategy formation

  International Journal of Business Continuity and Risk Management (IJBCRM), 7(2) , s. 127-150. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBCRM.2017.086069

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  In this work, we argue that resilience, as the fundamental quality needed to prosper from significant change that disrupts an organisation's expected patterns of events, depends on the organisation's culture, strategy content and formation and performance management systems. Thus, it is thought-provoking that research in the field of performance management is largely disconnected from the adjoining fields of culture, strategy formation and safety management. By discussing features of and connections between organisational culture and strategy formation for resilient organisation, we provide a platform on which a performance management framework is developed. Vital in this respect is an organisation's ability to address the factual, potential, actual and critical. On the one hand, our work aspires to shed light on and bring research attention to the trinity of organisational culture, strategy formation and performance management. On the other, our suggested resilient performance management framework contributes to make the concept of resilience operational.

• Flygansvær, Bente Merete & Engen, Øyvind (2017)
  Supply Chain Management inn i den digitaliserte fremtiden

  [Professional Article]. Logistikk & Ledelse, 30(3) , s. 36-40.

• Ruud, Flemming (2017)
  Auditing - eine Erfolgsgeschichte Interne Revision und Wirtschaftsprüfung in einer Umbruchphase

  [Popular Science Article]. Expert Focus, 91, s. 211-216.

• Jahre, Marianne (2017)
  Humanitarian supply chain strategies – a review of how actors mitigate supply chain risks

  Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 7(2) , s. 82-101. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/JHLSCM-12-2016-0043

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  Purpose The purpose of this paper is to link humanitarian logistics (HL) and supply chain risk management (SCRM) to provide an understanding of risk mitigation strategies that humanitarian organisations use, or could use, to improve their logistics preparedness. Design/methodology/approach Based on systematic reviews of RMS in SCRM and supply chain strategies (SCS) in HL literature, a framework is developed and used to review published case studies in HL. Findings The study finds that humanitarian actors use a number of the strategies proposed in the framework, particularly those related to strategic stocks, postponement, and collaboration. Strategies related to sourcing and procurement, however, especially those on supplier relationships, seem to be lacking in both research and practice. Research limitations/implications The study is based on secondary data and could be further developed through case studies based on primary data. Future studies should explore the generalisability of the findings. Practical implications Practitioners can use the framework to identify potential new SCS and how strategies can be combined. Findings can help them to understand the abnormal risks of main concern, how they may impact normal risks, and provide ideas on how to tackle trade-offs between different risks. Social implications The results can support improvements in humanitarian supply chains, which will provide affected people with rapid, cost-efficient, and better-adapted responses. Originality/value The paper connects SCRM and HL to develop a framework and suggests propositions on how humanitarian actors can mitigate supply chain risks. Questioning the focus on strategic stock it suggests complementary or alternative strategies for improving logistics preparedness.

• Langli, John Christian (2017)
  The great tragedy of science - the slaying of a beautiful hypothesis by an ugly fact: The efficient market hypothesis and stock return predictability.

  Finance in Society: An Anthology in Honour of Thore Johnsen, , s. 252-287.

• Berg, Terje & Vikene, Tore (2017)
  Økonomistyring for prosjektledere - Fra lønnsomhetsberegning til gevinst

  Cappelen Damm Akademisk

• Jahre, Marianne (2017)
  Den viktigste logistikken - beredskap og respons i humanitære kriser

  Krisehåndtering, planlegging og handling, , s. 241-265.

• Ruud, Flemming & Schramm, Katharina (2017)
  Internal Audit und Second Line of Defense - Koordination, Zusammenarbeit und Verantwortung

  Expert Focus, 91, s. 211-216.

• Mauritzen, Johannes (2017)
  Cost, Contractors and Scale: An Empirical Analysis of the California Solar Market

  Energy Journal, 38(6) , s. 177-197. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5547/01956574.38.6.jmau

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  This paper presents an empirical analysis of the rapidly growing California rooftop solar photovoltaic market using detailed data of over 100,000 solar installations between 2007 and 2014. The rapid fall in the cost of solar panels stand central in the expansion of this market. I use a semi-parametric regression model to aid identification of cost factors by decomposing time-varying and cross-sectional components. I find that the use of Chinese manufactured panels are associated with costs that are 6% lower. Economies of scale at the local level (number of yearly installations in a zip code) and at the installation level (size of the installation) are also associated with lower costs. Higher subsidies, and higher contractor market-share are associated with higher costs. I use an exploratory analysis of the dominant contractor, SolarCity, to discuss non-cost factors in the expansion of the solar photovoltaic market. Keywords: Solar power, Solar contractors, Energy investment, Energy subsidies, Economies of scale, Partial linear model

• Steen, Riana (2017)
  How to understand and define stress in an operational risk context

  International Journal of Business Continuity and Risk Management (IJBCRM), 7(4) , s. 318-336. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBCRM.2017.10010125 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This paper aims to provide new insights on the understanding of stress and using this concept in operational risk management. We identify three main lines of definitions of stress: situations having the potential for disruption, the consequences of being exposed to various threats, and the interaction between condition and response to pressures. Based on grounded theory as a methodology and from discussion and linking stress to the concept of uncertainty, this work suggests a new definition of stress as a "two-dimensional combination of threat and coping capability associated with uncertainty". Stress is formalised as (Th, Cc, U), where Th represents the threat (or amount of pressure), Cc represents coping capability, and U represents uncertainty about the magnitude of the threat and existing capabilities of coping with it. The present paper introduces three interrelated strands of operational risk: sense making, decision making, and performance. Using many examples related to operational risk in banking, this study demonstrates how different components of the proposed definition of stress may influence exposure to operational risk in each of its strands.

• Roberts, Hanno & Gnan, Luca (2017)
  Welcoming family business in the accounting family

  Qualitative Research in Accounting and Management, 14(2) , s. 106-110. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/QRAM-04-2017-0027

• Steen, Riana & Tangenes, Tor (2017)
  Toward Resilient Organization: Strengthening Performance Management in an Era of Turbulent Change

  Risk, Reliability and Safety: Innovating Theory and Practice : Proceedings of ESREL 2016 (Glasgow, Scotland, 25-29 September 2016), , s. 540-547.

• Giunti, Giulia & Svanstrøm, Tobias (2017)
  The Role of Auditing in Banks’ Risk Assessment of SMEs: A literature review and new venues for future research

  Motivating SMEs to Cooperate and Internationalize: A Dynamic Perspective, , s. 113-130. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315412610-7

• Vega, Diego & Jahre, Marianne (2017)
  Case studies in Humanitarian Logistics Research

  NOFOMA 2017 The 29th NOFOMA Conference: "Taking on Grand Challenges", , s. 731-746.

• Hope, Ole-Kristian; Wu, Han & Zhao, Wuyang (2017)
  Blockholder exit threats in the presence of private benefits of control

  Review of accounting studies, 22(2) , s. 873-902. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-017-9394-2

• Knopp, Sebastian; Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane & Yugma, Claude (2017)
  A batch-oblivious approach for Complex Job-Shop scheduling problems

  European Journal of Operational Research, 263(1) , s. 50-61. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2017.04.050

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  We consider a Flexible Job-Shop scheduling problem with batching machines, reentrant flows, sequence dependent setup times and release dates while considering different regular objective functions. Semicon- ductor manufacturing is probably one of the most prominent practical applications of such a problem. Existing disjunctive graph approaches for this combined problem rely on dedicated nodes to explicitly represent batches. To facilitate modifications of the graph, our new modeling reduces this complexity by encoding batching decisions into edge weights. An important contribution is an original algorithm that takes batching decisions “on the fly”during graph traversals. This algorithm is complemented by an inte- grated move to resequence and reassign operations. This combination yields a rich neighborhood that we apply within a local search and a Simulated Annealing (SA) metaheuristic. The latter is embedded in a Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure (GRASP) which is the most efficient approach. Numerical results for benchmark instances of different problem types show the generality and applicability of our approach. The conciseness of our idea facilitates extensions towards further complex constraints needed in real-world applications.

• Hope, Ole-Kristian; Hu, Danqi & Zhaoa, Wuyang (2017)
  Third-party consequences of short-selling threats: The case of auditor behavior

  Journal of Accounting and Economics, 63(2-3) , s. 479-498. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2016.09.006

• Altazin, Estelle; Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane, Ramond, François & Trefond, Sabine (2017)
  Rescheduling through stop-skipping in dense railway systems

  Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 79, s. 73-84. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2017.03.012

• Brahimi, Nadjib; Absi, Nabil, Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane & Nordli, Atle (2017)
  Single-item dynamic lot-sizing problems: An updated survey

  European Journal of Operational Research, 263(3) , s. 838-863. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2017.05.008

  Vis sammendrag

  Following our previous paper (Brahimi, Dauzère-Pérès, Najid, & Nordli, 2006), we present an updated and extended survey of Single-Item Lot-Sizing Problems with focus on publications from 2004 to 2016. Exact and heuristic solution procedures are surveyed. A concise and comprehensive summary of different extensions of the problem is given. The classification of the extensions is based on different characteristics such as resource limitations, assumptions on demand and cost structure. The large number of surveyed papers shows the increased interest of researchers in lot-sizing problems in general and in single-item problems in particular. The survey and the proposed classification should help researchers to identify new research topics, to propose relevant problems and/or novel solution approaches.

• Stenheim, Tonny & Madsen, Dag Øivind (2017)
  The shift of Accounting Models and Accounting Quality: The case of Norwegian GAAP

  Corporate Ownership and Control, 14(4-1) , s. 289-300. Doi: https://doi.org/10.22495/cocv14i4c1art11 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This paper investigates the change in accounting quality w hen firms shift from a revenue - oriented historical cost accounting regime as Norwegian GAAP (NGAAP) to a balance - oriented fair value accounting regime as International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Previous studies have demonstrated mixed effects o n the accounting quality upon IFRS adoption. One possible reason is that the investigated domestic GAAP to a large extent has been adjusted to IFRS prior to IFRS adoption. This is not the case in NGAAP where IFRS adoption led to significant changes in the recognition and measurement rules. To investigate the change in accounting quality, the paper makes use of a panel design with 640 firm - year obserations from 2001 up to the financial crisis year 2008, including four years of pre - IFRS NGAAP observations and four years of IFRS - observations. The paper employs four commonly used approaches to investigate accounting quality: test of value relevance of net earnings and book values, accrual quality of net earnings, incidence of small positive net earnings and test of timely loss recognition. The paper demonstrates that the adoption of IFRS increases the relevance accounting information has for valuation purposes. IFRS requires recognition of intangible assets and off - balance sheet liabilities not allowed under NGAA P. Moreover, IFRS allows the use of fair value to a larger extent than NGAAP. The paper also demonstrates that NGAAP leads to timelier recognition of losses than IFRS. This supports the notion that historical cost accounting, which is the basic accounting principle under NGAAP, provides more conservative accounting numbers. Overall, this suggests that IFRS provides information more useful for valuation purposes, but to a lesser extent stewardship purposes which generally favours conservatism. NGAAP on the o ther hand, provides information less relevant for valuation purposes, but more relevant for stewardship purposes.

• Madsen, Dag Øivind; Risvik, Stig & Stenheim, Tonny (2017)
  The Diffusion of Lean in the Norwegian Municipality Sector: An Exploratory Survey

  Cogent Business & Management, 4(1) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2017.1411067 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  The use and application of Lean in the public sector has attracted considerable interest in recent years. In Norway, the concept of Lean has lately been hugely popular, not only among private sector firms, such as manufacturers, but increasingly also in the public sector where Lean has been proposed as a management tool that can improve the productivity and performance of, for example, municipalities. There have been several initiatives suggesting and recommending Lean adoption and implementation in the municipality sector. However, little is known about how and to what extent Lean is currently used by Norwegian municipalities. Therefore, this paper examines the diffusion of Lean among Norway’s 426 municipalities, by means of an exploratory survey that yielded a response rate of about 25 percent. The survey results generally show that the awareness and adoption of Lean has increased quite sharply in recent years. Most municipalities have recently adopted and started using the Lean concept, and the concept appears to be in a relatively early stage of its lifecycle in the Norwegian municipality sector. When it comes to implementation of the Lean concept, the municipalities vary in terms of how they apply and utilize Lean. For example, the survey data indicate that municipalities use a broad spectrum of Lean-related tools and techniques. Finally, while the perceived effects of Lean are generally positive, there are also a range of issues and challenges associated with the implementation of Lean in municipalities.

• Franco, Gus De; Hope, Ole-Kristian & Lu, Haihao (2017)
  Managerial ability and bank-loan pricing

  Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 44(9-10) , s. 1315-1337. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jbfa.12267

• Breunig, Karl Joachim & Roberts, Hanno (2017)
  Money Talks: Communication Patterns as Knowledge Monetization

  Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation (JEMI), 13(3) , s. 71-94. Doi: https://doi.org/10.7341/20171333 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  In this conceptual paper, we suggest that knowledge flows constitute the antecedences of value creation by means of its communication component. Knowledge is increasingly being accepted as a source of value creation and a differentiator between firms. However, to a large extent, current approaches to management and governance of knowledge resources prescribe measurements of the stock of knowledge. Therefore, we suggest a bridge that connects current knowledge sharing understanding with properties from communication theory, to explicate knowledge in use through a communication patterns perspective. Building on the perspective of knowledge as a flow, and postulating that value is based on knowledge use, rather than knowledge possession, this paper addresses the research question: How can we express knowledge in such a way that it can be monetized and made accessible to specific managerial interventions? We explain how communication is instrumental in capturing knowledge value and allows for a connection with monetary value. Extant literature on organizational communication roles emphasizes the role of boundary-spanners in the search for and combination of experience and tacit knowledge. Individual nodes in organizational networks can possess knowledge. However, to be valuable, the knowledge resources need to be deployed and utilized. The use of knowledge will involve the communication of this knowledge through ties to other nodes. The paper proposes that boundary-spanning roles provide a focal point for such monetization efforts. The contribution of this paper is six propositions for future research on how management accounting and control systems can be brought to bear in their governable and calculable aspects if communication functions are given more attention.

• Stenheim, Tonny; Sundkvist, Charlotte Haugland & Opsahl, André (2017)
  Hva menes med regnskapskvalitet?

  [Professional Article]. Magma forskning og viten, (1) , s. 64-67. - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Regnskapskvalitet er et begrep som alle som enten bruker eller produserer regnskapsinformasjon, er opptatt av. Det finnes imidlertid ikke en omforent definisjon av hva regnskapskvalitet er. I litteraturen finnes det minst tre ulike forståelser av begrepet: (1) rapportering av beslutningsnyttig informasjon, (2) fravær av regnskapsmessig støy og (3) rapportering av økonomiske realiteter.

• Stenheim, Tonny; Baksaas, Kjell Magne & Schwencke, Hans Robert (2017)
  Forslag til ny Norsk regnskapsstandard: Nasjonale avvik i forhold til IFRS for SMEs

  [Popular Science Article]. Revisjon og Regnskap, 2017(1) , s. 33-38. - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Regnskapslovutvalget har foreslått at ny norsk regnskapsstandard skal bygge på IFRS for SMEs og et system som beskriver de rammene som vil gjelde for avvik fra IFRS for SMEs. Det er imidlertid uklart hvor stor frihet standardsetter faktisk har til å moderere IFRS for SMEs.

• Che, Limei; Langli, John Christian & Svanstrøm, Tobias (2017)
  Education, Experience, and Audit Effort

  Auditing: A journal of Practice and Theory (AJPT), 37(3) , s. 91-115. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-51896

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  This paper examines how audit effort, measured by the estimated number of audit hours used to perform the clients' audits, is associated with engagement partners' formal education, continuing professional education (CPE), and professional experience. Although the literature provides considerable evidence for the determinants of audit fees, our understanding of how audit effort is related to these partner characteristics is limited. The aim of this paper is to shed light on partner specific factors that may influence how much audit effort they and their team members exert. Using a sample of 1,738 unique partners and 178,770 client-year observations, we find evidence that auditors with a master's degree exert more effort than those with a bachelor's degree. We also find a positive relation between audit effort and CPE. The relation between audit effort and professional experience is non-linear: the least experienced auditors put in the least effort, moderately experienced auditors exert the most effort, while the effort level of the most experienced auditors is in between. We also document that the accuracy of going concern modified audit reports is higher for more knowledgeable auditors.

• Schwencke, Hans Robert; Haugen, Dag Olav, Baksaas, Kjell Magne, Stenheim, Tonny & Avlesen-Østli, Erik (2017)
  Årsregnskapet i teori og praksis 2016

  Gyldendal Akademisk

• Madsen, Dag Øivind; Storsveen, Maria, Klethagen, Pål & Stenheim, Tonny (2017)
  Lean i Norge: I ferd med å gå av moten?

  Økonomistyring & informatik, 32(4) , s. 309-330. - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Siden 2010 har det vært en sterk oppmerksomhet rundt ledelseskonseptet Lean i Norge. Det har blitt etablert regionale Lean-forum over store deler av landet. En rekke konsulentselskaper har tilbudt kurs og opplæring knyttet til Lean. I media har også Lean fått en omfattende dekning. Det har blitt arrangert en årlig nasjonal Lean-konferanse med flere hundre deltagere. Gitt denne interessen er det forståelig at enkelte har beskrevet Lean som en pandemi i norsk næringsliv. Kunnskap om i hvilken grad Lean benyttes og om erfaringer med dette ledelseskonseptet er derimot begrenset. I denne artikkelen belyser vi den faktiske bruken av Lean. Vår spørreundersøkelse viser at kun et begrenset antall norske bedrifter har tatt i bruk Lean. De fleste brukerne har kun tatt i bruk enkelte elementer fra Lean, det vi si at Lean ikke erstatter, men snarere kombineres med eksisterende praksis. Brukerne opplever positive effekter, men de fleste erfarer samtidig utfordringer med å ta Lean-ideene i bruk. De fleste har nylig tatt i bruk Lean, noe som viser at Lean på relativt kort tid blitt populært i Norge. Når det gjelder ikkebrukere av Lean, er det få som planlegger fremtidig bruk. Våre undersøkelser viser at det også i media er en tendens til avtagende interesse for Lean. Det kan derfor virke som om Lean er et ledelseskonsept som i denne omgang er i ferd med å miste noe av sin nåværende popularitet og reformeffekt på norske organisasjoner.

• Mauritzen, Johannes (2017)
  Strømkabler til Europa vil være bra for Norge

  [Professional Article]. sysla.no,

• Akamah, Herita; Hope, Ole-Kristian & Thomas, Wayne B. (2017)
  Tax havens and disclosure aggregation

  Journal of International Business Studies, 49(1) , s. 49-69. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-017-0084-x

• Flygansvær, Bente Merete & Engen, Øyvind (2016)
  Et glimt av lagerstyringens fremtid

  [Professional Article]. Logistikk & Ledelse, 29(3) , s. 26-28.

• Flygansvær, Bente Merete (2016)
  Kunsten å distribuere

  [Professional Article]. Logistikk & Ledelse, 29(6) , s. 54-57.

• Tangenes, Tor & Gjønnes, Svein Hermod (2016)
  Økonomisk styring 2.0

  [Textbook]. Fagbokforlaget

• Bø, Eirill (2016)
  Logistikk - kort og godt

  [Textbook]. Universitetsforlaget

• Ruud, Flemming & Pfaff, Dieter (2016)
  Schweizer Leitfaden zum Internen Kontrollsystem (IKS) 7. aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage

  Orell & Füssli Verlag AG

• Langli, John Christian (2016)
  Resultatføring av inntekter og kostnader før og etter fravalg av revisor i små AS : tyder utviklingen på økte skatteunndragelser?

  Praktisk Økonomi & Finans, 32 [i.e. 33](2) , s. 200-215. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18261/issn.1504-2871-2016-02-09

  Vis sammendrag

  Hvis selskaper som velger bort revisor begynner å selge svart eller kreve fradrag for fiktive eller private utgifter etter fravalget av revisor, vil de ha en lavere vekst i omsetningen eller en svakere utvikling i driftsresultatet enn sammenliknbare selskaper som har beholdt revisor. Jeg tester om disse to effektene er observerbare hos AS som har valgt bort revisor i årene 2011–2014. Resultatene er entydige: Omsetningsveksten er minst like høy og utviklingen i driftsresultatet minst like god hos fravalgselskapene som hos sammenliknbare selskaper som har beholdt revisor, hvilket ikke er som forventet dersom fravalgselskapene begynner å unndra skatt etter fravalget. En rekke sensitivitetsanalyser, inklusiv analyser av selskaper etablert etter kravene til aksjekapital ble redusert med virkning fra 1.1.2012, rokker ikke ved konklusjonen.

• Mauritzen, Johannes (2016)
  Lease or Buy? Quality differences and asymmetric information in California solar panels

  IAEE International Conference,

• Jahre, Marianne (2016)
  On a logistical mission

  The XX factor, , s. 123-136.

• Kvaal, Erlend (2016)
  Verdsettelse av enkelteiendeler med utgangspunkt i anskaffelseskost ("substansverdi").

  Praktisk Økonomi & Finans, 32 [i.e. 33](4) , s. 396-414. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18261/issn.1504-2871-2016-04-09

• Stenheim, Tonny (2016)
  Regnskapets formål, brukergrupper og kvalitetskrav i lys av nytt konseptuelt rammeverk fra IASB

  Moderne Forretningsjus III, , s. 335-353.

• Stenheim, Tonny & Hove, Britt Torunn (2016)
  Forslag til regnskapslov del II

  [Professional Article]. Revisjon og Regnskap, (6)

• Ruud, Flemming & Kyburz, Adrian (2016)
  Entwicklungen und Trends im Internen Audit – Teil 2: Strategiebezug, Produktivität und Koordination des Internen Audits

  [Popular Science Article]. Expertfocus, (6/7) , s. 435-439.

• Ruud, Flemming & Kyburz, Adrian (2016)
  Entwicklungen und Trends im Internen Audit - Teil 1: Themen und Fokus der vorgeschlagenen Standards des Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) für 2017

  [Popular Science Article]. Expertfocus, (6/7) , s. 429-434.

• Stenheim, Tonny & Schwencke, Hans Robert (2016)
  IFRS for SMEs som grunnlag for ny norsk regnskapsstandard

  Praktisk Økonomi & Finans, 32 [i.e. 33](4) , s. 333-344. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18261/issn.1504-2871-2016-04-03

• Bø, Eirill & Baxter, John (2016)
  The effects of geographical, operational and service parameters on WEEE transport networks

  International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 20(4) , s. 342-358. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13675567.2016.1255718

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  Efficiency in the collection and transport of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is important for economic and environmental reasons. A detailed analysis of the logistical- and cost-effectiveness of the collection and transport of WEEE in Norway reveals regional geography to be a particularly important factor; it varies significantly across the country and heavily influences the cost of collection. The paper explores the influence of this, along with other parameters relating to operational effectiveness and customer service. Implications for all the key actors in the WEEE collection and transport business are outlined.

• Hope, Ole-Kristian; Thomas, Wayne B. & Vyas, Dushyantkumar (2016)
  Stakeholder demand for accounting quality and economic usefulness of accounting in U.S. private firms

  Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 36(1) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2016.11.004

• Hope, Ole-Kristian; Hu, Danqi & Lu, Hai (2016)
  The benefits of specific risk-factor disclosures

  Review of accounting studies, 21(4) , s. 1005-1045. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-016-9371-1

• Sundgren, Stefan & Svanstrøm, Tobias (2016)
  Is the Public Oversight of Auditors Effective? The Impact of Sanctions on Loss of Clients, Salary and Audit Reporting

  European Accounting Review, 26(4) , s. 787-818. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2016.1203345 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

  Vis sammendrag

  This study examines the consequences of sanctions against individual Swedish auditors issued by the Supervisory Board of Public Accountants (SBPA). The results provide no support for individual auditor client loss after receiving a sanction. However, we find that Big 4 auditors have a lower salary after the sanction than before. Finally, we do not find that auditors become more conservative in their reporting after being sanctioned. Collectively, our results support that public oversight sanctions have relatively limited consequences for auditors of private companies.

• Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane; Hassoun, Michael & Sendon, Alejandro (2016)
  Allocating metrology capacity to multiple heterogeneous machines

  International Journal of Production Research, 54(20) , s. 6082-6091. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2016.1187775

• Stenheim, Tonny & Madsen, Dag Øivind (2016)
  Goodwill impairment losses, economic impairment, earnings management and corporate governance

  Journal of Accounting and Finance, 16(2) , s. 11-30. - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This paper investigates the association between goodwill impairment losses and proxies of economic impairment, earnings management incentives and corporate governance mechanisms. The results demonstrate significant associations between proxies of economic impairment and goodwill impairment losses, suggesting that impairment losses in goodwill to some extent reflect economic impairment. Some evidence, however, suggests that impairment losses are associated with earnings management incentives. Corporate governance mechanisms are not found to play a significant role in accounting for impairment losses in goodwill. The empirical results are based on observations from the 288 largest firms listed at the London Stock Exchange over the fiscal years 2005 to 2009.

• Lyngstadås, Hakim & Berg, Terje (2016)
  Cash Flow and the Consistency Principle in Working Capital Management Calculations

  Journal of Applied Management Accounting Research, 14(2) , s. 65-72. - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  The consistency principle when estimating cash flows states that the net present value of the discounted cash flow should be the same, even when using different estimation methods and techniques. However, the estimation is not straightforward when estimating nominal and real net change in working capital. A case experiment with 62 students was conducted, the results suggesting that they struggle with the consistency principle when estimating net changes in working capital as part of cash flow analysis. This technical note proposes solutions to this challenge. The value from this technical note is to ensure correct estimation in net working capital cash flow changes, which contributes to providing an adequate level of liquidity, and gives a sound judgement in business project analysis and estimation of a firm’s value.

• Jahre, Marianne; Kembro, Joakim, Rezvanian, Tina, Ergun, Ozlem, Håpnes, Svein & Berling, Peter (2016)
  Integrating supply chains for emergencies and ongoing operations in UNHCR

  Journal of Operations Management, 45, s. 57-72. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2016.05.009

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  Humanitarian organizations (HOs) often base their warehouse locations on individuals' experience and knowledge rather than on decision-support tools. Many HOs run separate supply chains for emergency response and ongoing operations. Based on reviews of humanitarian network design literature combined with an in-depth case study of United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), this paper presents a warehouse location model for joint prepositioning that incorporates political and security situation factors. Although accessibility, co-location, security, and human resources are crucial to the practice of humanitarian operations management, such contextual factors have not been included in existing network optimization models before. We found that when quantified, and modeled, such factors are important determinants of network configuration. In addition, our results suggest that joint prepositioning for emergency response and ongoing operations allows for expansion of the global warehouse network, and reducing cost and response time.

• Lyngstadås, Hakim & Berg, Terje (2016)
  Working capital management: evidence from Norway

  International Journal of Managerial Finance, 12(3) , s. 295-313. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMF-01-2016-0012 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide empirical evidence of whether working capital management (WCM) has an effect on the profitability of small- and medium-sized Norwegian firms. Design/methodology/approach – The data comprise 21,075 Norwegian small- and medium-sized enterprises and 84,300 observations made between 2010 and 2013. Panel data regressions were applied with fixed effects and a two-stage least squares analysis was employed to control for endogeneity. Findings – The results indicate that reducing cash conversion cycle will increase profitability. Even though endogeneity may exist, this does not affect the results from the previous analysis. Similar results are also obtained when industry-specific effects are controlled for, supporting the robustness of the results. The relevance of quadratic dependencies of the profitability on independent variables was also identified and suggests a decreasing trend of return on assets with increasing values of the WCM’s characteristic variables. Research limitations/implications – Drawing on similar studies, this study confirms that WCM is relevant for firms’ profitability. Practical implications – The practice of aggressive working capital policy in Norwegian firms is confirmed by the results of this study. Originality/value – This study contributes to the current research on the relationship between WCM and profitability by using a large dataset to add further robustness to results, and thus verifying whether or not the results in previous studies may be confirmed or not. Moreover, this is the first published study about this relationship among Norwegian firms in different industries, thus filling a gap in similar research conducted in other European countries.

• Berg, Terje & Lyngstadås, Hakim (2016)
  Investeringsanalyse - en pedagogisk note

  [Professional Article]. Praktisk Økonomi & Finans, 32(3) , s. 314-321. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18261/issn.1504-2871-2016-03-10

• Madsen, Dag Øivind & Stenheim, Tonny (2016)
  Big Data viewed through the lens of management fashion theory

  Cogent Business & Management, 3, s. 1-19. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2016.1165072 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Big Data (BD) is currently one of the most talked about management ideas in the business community. Many call it the “buzzword of the day.” In books and media articles, BD has been referred to as a “revolution” and “new era.” There is lots of optimistic and upbeat rhetoric surrounding BD. This has led some to question whether BD is a hyped-up management fashion. In this paper, the BD phenomenon is viewed through the lens of management fashion theory. Management fashion provides an analytical lens which can be used to analyze the supply and demand side forces shaping the emergence and evolution of BD. The analysis shows that BD emerged in the late 1990s, gained momentum during the mid-2000s and legitimacy in the late 2000s, and enjoyed an almost meteoric rise in popularity in 2011 and 2012. Moreover, the analysis shows that BD currently is a very popular and highly contagious management idea exhibiting several hallmarks of a management fashion. At the same time, evidence suggests that it may be of a longer duration and not just another transient management fashion or fad. The findings have several implications for the study of the BD phenomenon and more generally, management and IT fashions.

• Langli, John Christian & Che, Limei (2016)
  Har fravalg av revisor ført til dårligere finansieringsvilkår?

  Praktisk Økonomi & Finans, 32 [i.e. 33](1) , s. 111-125. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18261/issn.1504-2871-2016-01-12

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  En rekke aksjeselskaper (ASer) valgte bort revisor i 2011. Dersom fravalget av revisor påvirket bankenes eller kreditorenes risikovurdering, er det rimelig å forvente at selskapene som valgte bort revisor vil få høyere lånerente eller dårligere tilgang til kreditt etter fravalget. Vi undersøker utviklingen fra 2010 til 2012 for ASer som kvalifiserte for fravalg i 2011. Resultatene er entydige. Vi finner ingen tegn til negative finansieringseffekter for de som valgte bort revisor i 2011 sammenliknet med de som beholdt revisor.

• Stenheim, Tonny & Madsen, Dag Øivind (2016)
  God regnskapsskikk erstattes med rettslig bindende regnskapsstandarder

  Magma forskning og viten, 19(1) , s. 39-43. - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Det arbeides nå med ny regnskapslov i Norge. Første av to delutredninger ble overlevert Finansdepartementet i juni 2015 og presenterer forslag til ny regnskapslov. Et sentralt forslag er at den rettslige standarden god regnskapsskikk blir erstattet med regnskapsstandarder med forskrifts status. Dette innebærer en rettsliggjøring av regnskapsstandardene. Det gjør samtidig at detaljreguleringen går fra å være prinsippbasert til å bli mer regelbasert. Samtidig vil den gode skikk fortsatt ha relevans ved tolkning og implementering av regnskapsmessige løsninger som følger av regnskapsstandard og ikke minst når en skal finne regnskapsmessige løsninger som ikke følger av regnskapsstandard. Denne artikkelen diskuterer overgangen fra god regnskapsskikk til rettslig bindende regnskapsstandarder.

• Dutillieux, Wouter; Francis, Jere R. & Willekens, Marleen (2016)
  The Spillover of SOX on Earnings Quality in Non-U.S. Jurisdictions

  Accounting Horizons, 30(1) , s. 23-39. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2308/acch-51241

• Jahre, Marianne; Pazirandeh, Ala & Wassenhove, Luk N. Van (2016)
  Defining logistics preparedness: a framework and research agenda

  Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 6(3) , s. 372-398. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/JHLSCM-04-2016-0012

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  Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to contribute to a more complete understanding of logistics preparedness. By comparing extant research in preparedness and logistics with findings from empirical analysis of secondary data, the authors develop a definition of and framework for logistics preparedness, along with suggestions for future research agenda. Design/methodology/approach: The authors link the way in which humanitarian organizations define and aim to achieve logistics preparedness with extant academic research. The authors critically analyze public data from 13 organizations that are active in disaster relief and review papers on logistics preparedness and humanitarian logistics. Findings: The authors found that, despite the increased attention, there is no unified understanding across organizations about what constitutes logistics preparedness and how it can contribute to improvements in operations. Based on the review of the academic literature, the authors found that the same is true for humanitarian logistics research. The lack of a common understanding has resulted in low visibility of efforts and lack of knowledge on logistics preparedness. Research limitations/implications: On the basis of extant research and practice, the authors suggest a definition of and framework for logistics preparedness with related suggestions for future studies. Practical implications: Findings can help the humanitarian community gain a better understanding of their efforts related to developing logistics preparedness and can provide a better basis for communicating the need for, and results from, funding in preparedness. Social implications: Results can support improvements in humanitarian supply chains, thereby providing affected people with rapid, cost-efficient, and better-adapted responses. Originality/value: The findings contribute to humanitarian logistics literature, first by identifying the issues related to the lack of a common definition. Second, the authors extend the understanding of what constitutes logistics preparedness by proposing an operationalized framework and definition. Finally, the authors add to the literature by discussing what future topics and types of research may be required.

• Yiwei, Dou; Hope, Ole-Kristian, Thomas, Wayne B. & Zou, Youli (2016)
  Individual Large Shareholders, Earnings Management, and Capital-Market Consequences

  Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 43(7-8) , s. 872-902. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jbfa.12204

• Schwencke, Hans Robert; Baksaas, Kjell Magne, Haugen, Dag Olav & Stenheim, Tonny (2016)
  Årsregnskapet i teori og praksis

  Gyldendal Akademisk

• Madsen, Dag Øivind; Klethagen, Pål & Stenheim, Tonny (2016)
  Innføring i organisasjon og ledelse

  [Textbook]. bookboon.com

• Madsen, Dag Øivind; Storsveen, Maria, Klethagen, Pål & Stenheim, Tonny (2016)
  The diffusion and popularity of Lean in Norway: An exploratory survey

  Cogent Business & Management, 3(1) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2016.1258132

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  Although commentators have noted that Lean currently is receiving a great deal of attention in Norway, little is known about how and to what extent Lean is used by Norwegian organizations. The overall purpose of this paper is to present the results of an explorative survey that attempts to map the diffusion and popularity of Lean in Norway. The results indicate that the adoption rate is still quite low, but that Lean is relatively more widely used in industries such as manufacturing and accounting, auditing and finance. Furthermore, the results indicate that Norwegian organizations are relatively recent adopters of Lean. Among users there is a general consensus that Lean has positive effects on organizational performance. At the same time, a wide range of implementation challenges are reported. These findings are discussed in relation to the extant literature on Lean.

• Jong, Gerard de; Tavasszy, Lori, Bates, John, Grønland, Stein Erik, Huber, Stefan, Kleven, Oskar, Lange, Peter, Ottemöller, Ole & Schmorak, Nora (2016)
  The issues in modelling freight transport at the national level

  Case Studies on Transport Policy, 4(1) , s. 13-21. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2015.08.002

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  Several countries in Europe and elsewhere have a national freight transport model. This paper discusses some old and new issues for these models, based on experiences in at least seven European countries. These issues have to do with the institutional organisation of the work on model development and use, how confidence in these models can be determined and increased, the questions the national freight models are asked and their scope and level of detail. But also what the model philosophy (e.g. aggregate, disaggregate, deterministic, stochastic) should be and which influencing factors should be included. New directions are discussed, such as the trend to include more aspects of logistics decisions of firms. This increases the data requirements of the models. The potential of big data is discussed as well as approaches that use less data but more assumptions.

• Roberts, Hanno & Breunig, Karl Joachim (2016)
  Putting Your Money Where Your Mouth is: Communication Patterns as Knowledge Monetization

  Proceedings of the Manufacturing Accounting Research Conference, 13

• Berg, Terje (2015)
  Controlleren - En rolle i endring?

  Praktisk Økonomi & Finans, 31 [i.e. 32](2) , s. 170-181. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18261/issn.1504-2871-2016-03-10

• Ruud, Flemming; Kyburz, Adrian & Jaeckle, Gioia (2015)
  Nutzung von Synergien zwischen der internen und externen Revision – Der Endscheid liegt beim Audit Committee

  [Popular Science Article]. Audit Committee News, , s. 20-22.

• Berg, Terje (2015)
  A compass for teaching enterprise governance

  Accounting Education, 24(6) , s. 559-563. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09639284.2015.1108776

• Sharifyazdi, Mehdi & Flygansvær, Bente M. (2015)
  Dynamic routing in reverse logistics : the effect of sensors in waste containers on uncertainty

  NOFOMA 2015 : Post Conference Proceedings, Molde, 3-5 June 2015, Nordic Logistics Research Network, , s. 298-313.

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  Reverse logistics systems are characterized with inherent uncertainties from supply and demand. Therefore, tools and planning methods must be developed to cope with these uncertainties and at the same time reduce cost and increase service and predictability. This paper develop a dynamic method for vehicle routing in waste collection. In particular, we evaluate the effect of availability of fill-rate data provided by sensors in waste containers. Keywords: Reverse logistics, Uncertainty, Vehicle Routing, Dynamic routing, Waste containers.

• Che, Limei & Langli, John Christian (2015)
  Governance Structure and Firm Performance in Private Family Firms

  Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 42(9) , s. 1216-1250. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jbfa.12170

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  Although a large proportion of firms are family owned and most family firms are private, our understanding of private family firms is limited. Using confidential information on family relationship between board members, CEOs, and shareholders, this is the first study that provides large-scale evidence on the association between governance structure and firm performance in family controlled private firms. Our sample is unique as it covers almost all private limited liability firms in Norway, spans 11 years, traces firm ownership to ultimate owners, and identifies family relationship using data on kinship, marriage, and adoption. The results show a U-shaped relationship between family ownership and firm performance. Higher ownership of the second largest owner, higher percentage of family members on the board, stronger family power, and smaller boards are associated with higher firm performance. In addition, the positive association between the ownership of the second largest owner and firm performance also occurs when the second largest owner is a member of the controlling family, but the association is stronger when the second largest owner is a non-family member. We further test the relative importance of these test variables and find that ownership structure is more associated with firm performance than board structure.

• Ruud, Flemming & Kyburz, Adrian (2015)
  „Externe und Interne Revision - Koordination gemäss den Internationalen Standards on Auditing (ISA)“

  [Popular Science Article]. Zeitschrift für internationale Rechnungslegung, , s. 253-257.

• Berg, Terje (2015)
  Teori vs. praksis i økonomistyringen - noen betraktninger

  Praktisk Økonomi & Finans, 31(3)

• Langli, John Christian (2015)
  Evaluering av unntak for revisjonsplikt i små aksjeselskaper

  [Report Research]. Handelshøyskolen BI

• Rasmussen, Janicke (2015)
  Do Board Evaluations Measure Board Effectiveness? The case of large listed companies in Norway.

  International Studies of Management and Organization, 45(1) , s. 80-98. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.2015.1005999

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  The purpose of this study is to assess to what extent implemented board evaluation processes in Norwegian listed companies have contribute to the board’s effectiveness. Board effectiveness has been measured by using three levels of accountability, namely, board performance, conformance to content, and conformance to context. Multiple case studies were performed in nine large listed companies using the board evaluation process as the unit of analysis. The characteristics of the implemented board evaluation process were compared and contrasted with the characteristics of the board evaluation process identified in the literature. From a value creation perspective, the implemented board evaluations appeared to represent value creation for the board members rather than measuring board effectiveness.

• Stenheim, Tonny & Hove, Britt Torunn (2015)
  Forslaget til ny regnskapslov

  [Popular Science Article]. Revisjon og Regnskap, (6) , s. 24-40.

• Svanstrøm, Tobias (2015)
  Vilka är de vanligaste bristerna i en revision? En kartläggning av RN:s disciplinärenden 2009-2014.

  [Popular Science Article]. Balans : tidskrift för redovisning och revision, (4) , s. 12-14.

• Bygballe, Lena Elisabeth & Persson, Kurt Gøran (2015)
  Developing supply base strategies

  The IMP Journal, 9(1) , s. 64-84. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/IMP-01-2015-0003

• Stenheim, Tonny & Schwencke, Hans Robert (2015)
  Forslaget til ny norsk regnskapslov

  Nordisk Tidsskrift for Selskabsret, (3) , s. 26-32.

• Jahre, Marianne & Fabbe-Costes, Nathalie (2015)
  How Standards and Modularity can improve Humanitarian Supply Chain Responsiveness: The Case of Emergency Response Units

  Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 5(3) , s. 348-386. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/JHLSCM-06-2015-0026

• Jahre, Marianne; Ergun, Ozlem & Goentzel, Jarrod (2015)
  One Size Fits All? Using Standard Global Tools in Humanitarian Logistics

  Procedia Engineering, 107, s. 18-26. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.06.054

• Madsen, Dag Øivind & Stenheim, Tonny (2015)
  Experimental Methods in Economics and Psychology: A Comparison

  Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 187, s. 113-117. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.03.022 - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  This article compares the use of experiments as a research method in economics and psychology. We outline the most important differences between the two fields in terms of their use of experimental methods. The purpose of the article is two-fold. First, to provide an overview of areas where economic experiments differ from traditional psychological experiments. Second, to debate experimental economics in relation to experiments in other social sciences.

• Baksaas, Kjell Magne & Stenheim, Tonny (2015)
  Regnskapsteori

  [Textbook]. Cappelen Damm Akademisk

• Stenheim, Tonny & Madsen, Dag Øivind (2015)
  Innføring i bruk av IBM SPSS 21

  [Textbook]. Bookboon

• Breunig, Karl Joachim & Roberts, Hanno (2015)
  Money Talks: The role of communication in monetizing knowledge value

  Culture, Innovation and Entrepeneurship: connecting the knowledge dots, , s. 502-513. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2013.13457abstract

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  Purpose – This paper argues that networked knowledge flows constitute the antecedences of knowledge - based value creation , and demonstrate that the knowledge flows themselves can be approximated by particular communication roles within the network . Our argument originates from intellectual capital and knowledge management concepts and infuses it with insight s from the fields of management control systems and communication theory , emphasizing how specific communication roles are focal points in capturing knowledge value creation and its subsequent monetization. Building on the perspective of knowledge as a flow, and postulati ng that value is based on knowledge - in - use – rather than knowledge possession – this paper address the research question: How can we express knowledge in such a way that it can be monetized and opened up for specific managerial interventions ? Design/metho dology/approach – This is a conceptual paper where w e selectively combine management control systems design with communication theory , and explain how the role of communication is the missing link between high - level knowledge resource management and instrumental approaches in capturing knowledge value and allow ing for a connection with monetary value. Originality/value – The contribution of this paper consists of five propositions for future research on how management accounting and control systems can be brought to bear o n knowledge management if the communication aspect is given primary attention . Practical implications – We identify two fundamental premises for the monetization of knowledge resources. First, in order to be valuable, knowledge resources need to be deployed and utilized rather then be merely possessed (owned). This resonates with intellectual capital research emphasizing the need to visualize and identify knowledge process rather than measuring and managing knowledge stocks and assets . Second, 2 following a network argument, the communication of knowledge between network nodes, implies that monetization is based on designing, developing, maintaining, and growing boundary spanning individuals /teams in conjoint specific arenas that are taske d with knowledge value creation.

• Madsen, Dag Øivind & Stenheim, Tonny (2015)
  Innføring i strategisk ledelse

  [Textbook]. Bookboon

• Madsen, Dag Øivind & Stenheim, Tonny (2015)
  The Balanced Scorecard: A Review of Five Research Areas

  American Journal of Management, 15(2) , s. 24-41. - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) is one of the most influential concepts in accounting and management. The BSC recently celebrated its 20-year anniversary. Since its introduction, the BSC has been the subject of much debate among academics and practitioners. The research literature on the BSC has evolved considerably over the last 20 years. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of five important areas of BSC research: (1) conceptual evolution (2) adoption and diffusion, (3) implementation and use, (4) performance effects, and (5) critical perspectives. The article discusses current trends and emerging issues in the BSC literature and suggests fruitful areas for further research.

• Baksaas, Kjell Magne & Stenheim, Tonny (2015)
  Prinsippbaserte versus regelbaserte regnskapsstandarder

  Praktisk Økonomi & Finans, 31 [i.e. 32](1) , s. 80-94. - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Høringsutkastet til ny Norsk Regnskapsstandard aktualiserer spørsmålet om prinsippbasert eller regelbasert regnskapsregulering. Standarden er mer prinsippbasert enn dagens regulering. Prinsippbasert regulering kjennetegnes ved at regnskapsprodusenten i stor grad må bruke skjønn for å utlede den korrekte regnskapsmessige løsningen. Regelbasert regulering kjennetegnes gjerne ved sjablongregler og terskelverdier som foreskriver en bestemt regnskapsmessig løsning. Ny norsk regnskapsstandard er basert på IFRS for SMEs innenfor de rammer som følger av regnskapsloven. Denne standarden inneholder mindre veiledning enn de nåværende standardene. Dette gjør at regnskapsprodusenten bruker mer av eget skjønn når det gjelder å fastsette en regnskapsmessig løsning som er i samsvar med regnskapsstandarden og god regnskapsskikk.

• Tangenes, Tor (2014)
  Studieguide for BØK 3551 Praktisk økonomi- og virksomhetsstyring

  [Textbook]. Handelshøyskolen BI

• Ruud, Flemming (2014)
  „Gedanken zum Three Lines of Defence Modell – Was ist mit Verteidigung gemeint?

  [Popular Science Article]. Schweizer Treuhänder, , s. 761-766.

• Ruud, Flemming (2014)
  Das Interne Audit und die Erwartungen der Stakeholder

  [Popular Science Article]. Schweizer Treuhänder, , s. 4-4.

• Ruud, Flemming & Kyburz, Adrian (2014)
  Einfluss des neuen Rechnungslegungsrechts auf das Interne Kontrollsystem

  [Popular Science Article]. Schweizer Treuhänder, , s. 472-472.

• Langli, John Christian & Svanstrøm, Tobias (2014)
  Audits of private companies

  The Routledge Companion to Auditing, , s. 148-158.

• Svanstrøm, Tobias (2014)
  En studie av revisorers rapportering av fortsatt drift

  [Popular Science Article]. Balans : tidskrift för redovisning och revision, 40(3) , s. 10-12.

• Ruud, Flemming (2014)
  Developments and Trends in the Composition of Audit committees on the SIX Swiss Exchange (2012 vs. 2007)

  [Popular Science Article]. Audit Committee News, , s. 15-18.

• Tangenes, Tor & Gjønnes, Svein Hermod (2014)
  Økonomi- og virksomhetsstyring: Strategistøtte ved prestasjonsstyring, ressursstyring og beslutningsstøtte, 2. utg

  [Textbook]. Fagbokforlaget

• Tangenes, Tor (2014)
  Studieguide for BØK 3541 Økonomi- og virksomhetsstyring

  [Textbook]. Handelshøyskolen BI

• Ruud, Flemming & Hunziker, Stefan (2014)
  Risikomanagement und Interne Kontrolle in Schweizer Gemeinden - Status quo, Umsetzung und Herausforderungen

  [Popular Science Article]. Schweizer Treuhänder, , s. 320-325.

• Berg, Terje & Erichsen, Morten (2014)
  Hvordan stimulere de flinkeste studentene? Konkurranse som aktivitet for dybdelæring

  Uniped - Tidsskrift for universitets- og høgskolepedagogikk, 37(3) , s. 34-48. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3402/uniped.v37.21651

• Kristensen, Roy K; Rasmussen, Janicke, Stenheim, Tonny & Engelsborg, Tom (2014)
  Årsregnskapet - Oppgavesamling ed løsningsforslag

  [Textbook]. Gyldendal Akademisk

• Myrtveit, Ingunn; Jez, Vedrana & Johansen, Viggo (2014)
  The effect of mindfulness training on emplyees in a dynamic organizational setting

  International Journal of Multidisciplinarity in Business and Science, 2(2) , s. 13-19.

• Sundgren, Stefan & Svanstrøm, Tobias (2014)
  Auditor-in-Charge Characteristics and Going Concern Reporting

  Contemporary Accounting Research, 31(2) , s. 531-550. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12035

• Stenheim, Tonny & Madsen, Dag Øivind (2014)
  Forsiktig regnskapsrapportering – hva og hvorfor?

  Praktisk Økonomi & Finans, 30(4) , s. 356-366. - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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  Forsiktig regnskapsrapportering har lenge vært et bærende element i all regnskapsproduksjon. Slik rapportering resulterer i gjennomgående lav verdsetting av egenkapital. Det er særlig tre regnskapsmessige løsninger som gir lav egenkapital: 1) Strengere krav til innregning av urealiserte inntekter enn urealiserte tap, 2) ingen eller begrenset mulighet for innregning av betingede eiendeler (eksempelvis rettslig, omtvistede erstatningskrav) og egenutviklede immaterielle eiendeler (eksempelvis egenutviklet merkevare) og 3) krav om lav (høy) verdsetting av eiendeler (forpliktelser) ved måleusikkerhet. Forsiktig regnskapsrapportering kan derfor anta ulike former. Denne artikkelen forsøker å klargjøre hva som kjennetegner forsiktig regnskapsrapportering og hvilket rasjonale som kan ligge bak slik rapportering.

• Madsen, Dag Øivind & Stenheim, Tonny (2014)
  Perceived benefits of balanced scorecard implementation: some preliminary evidence

  Problems and Perspectives in Management, 12(3) , s. 81-90. - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

  Vis sammendrag

  Since its introduction more than 20 years ago the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) has garnered the interest of both academics and practitioners. In the ‘official’ practitioner-oriented literature the BSC’s main proponents Kaplan and Norton have touted the concept’s potential performance enhancing effects. Academics have been more skeptical, and have not found a clear-cut relationship between the use of the BSC and organizational performance. It appears that some uses of the BSC may increase performance, while other types of BSC use might decrease it. Still, research has shown that the concept is widely used in practice, more than 20 years after its introduction. The longevity of the BSC indicates that organizations are satisfied with the concept and find at least aspects of it useful and beneficial. The extant literature, however, gives limited insight into the aspects of the BSC that managers appreciate. This leads to the following research question: What aspects of the BSC are perceived as beneficial by consultants and managers? Using data from qualitative interviews with BSC consultants and users, this paper explores the perceived benefits associated with the implementation of the BSC. The data show the perceived benefits are related to the concept’s fit with the local institutional context in Scandinavia, e.g. in terms of balancing shareholder and stakeholder deman

• Breunig, Karl Joachim & Roberts, Hanno (2014)
  Putting your money where your mouth is: monetizing knowledge using communication roles

  Proceedings of the 15th European Conference on Knowledge Management, , s. 156-164. - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

  Vis sammendrag

  In this paper we suggest that knowledge flows constitute the antecedences of value creation by means of its communication component. We bridge accounting theory with communication theory and explain how the role of communication is instrumental in capturing the knowledge value and allows for a connection with monetary value. Knowledge is increasingly accepted as a source of value creation and a differentiator between firms. Building on the perspective of knowledge as a flow, and postulating that value is based on knowledge use – rather than knowledge possession – this paper address the research question: How can we express knowledge in such a way that it can be monetized and opened up for specific managerial interventions? Extant literature on organizational communication roles emphasizes the role of boundary-spanners in search and combination of experience and tacit knowledge. Individual nodes in the organizations network can possess knowledge. However, to be valuable the knowledge resources need to be deployed and utilized. The use of knowledge will involve the communication of this knowledge through ties to other nodes. The paper proposes that the boundary-spanning roles provide the focal point for such monetization efforts. The contribution of this paper is five propositions for future research on how management accounting and control systems can be brought to bear in their governable and calculable aspects if communication functions are given more attention.

• Stenheim, Tonny & Madsen, Dag Øivind (2014)
  Regnskapsbaserte avlønningskontrakter – med vekt på målkongruens

  Praktisk Økonomi & Finans, 30(2) , s. 168-184.

• Madsen, Dag Øivind & Stenheim, Tonny (2014)
  Strategic management accounting: Viewpoints, trends and issues

  European Journal of Management, 14(3) , s. 125-133. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18374/ejm-14-3.13

• Madsen, Dag Øivind & Stenheim, Tonny (2014)
  The impact of management concepts: A typology

  Problems and Perspectives in Management, 12(4) , s. 103-108. - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

  Vis sammendrag

  Over the course of the last decades numerous management concepts have risen and fallen in popularity. Research has shown that some management concepts are short-lived and have limited impact, while others spread widely and have an enduring and longer-lasting impact. What may explain these differences? This paper outlines a typology for assessing the impact of management concept in a given social context. It is argued that the impact of a management concept varies along two dimensions: the degree of institutionalization denotes the impact across time, while the degree of diffusion denotes impact across space.

• Madsen, Dag Øivind & Stenheim, Tonny (2014)
  Is Corporate Social Responsibility a management fashion in Norway? Some preliminary evidence

  European Journal of Business Research, 14(1) , s. 87-98. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18374/ejbr-14-1.7

  Vis sammendrag

  In recent years Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been the subject of much attention. Commentators have referred to CSR as a ‘global movement’ and ‘mega-trend’. Some have also suggested that the popularity of the CSR idea resembles that of a typical ‘management fashion’. In this article we conduct a preliminary analysis of the evolution and life-cycle of CSR in the Norwegian context. Focusing on the supply-side of CSR, we examine the public discourse around the idea using so-called ‘print-media indicators’. The discourse data show a rapid growth in the intensity of discourse in the years from 2005 to 2013. Interestingly, the life-cycle curve lags behind that seen in other countries, where CSR-related discourse started several years earlier. This indicates that the take-up of the CSR idea has not been uniform across countries. Based on the findings and a discussion of the limitations of our analysis, we map out a research agenda for studying the take-up and evolution of CSR as a fashionable management idea in different contexts.

• Madsen, Dag Øivind & Stenheim, Tonny (2014)
  Balansert målstyring : en kort oversikt over forskningslitteraturen

  Magma forskning og viten, 17(4) , s. 22-33. - Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

  Vis sammendrag

  The Balanced Scorecard, kjent som balansert målstyring på norsk, er et av de mest innflytelsesrike konseptene innen fagfeltet økonomisk styring. Siden begrepet balansert målstyring ble introdusert for litt over 20 år siden, har konseptet vært gjenstand for stor interesse i akademia og i praksis. Forskningslitteraturen på balansert målstyring har utviklet seg mye siden konseptet ble introdusert. Balansert målstyring er også forstått, implementert og brukt på ulike måter i praksis. Denne artikkelen har som mål å gi en oversikt over forskningslitteraturen på balansert målstyring. Artikkelen ser på følgende forskningstemaer: (1) konseptets utvikling, (2) adopsjon og spredning, (3) implementering og bruksmønstre, (4) effekter av bruk og (5) ulike kritiske perspektiver på konseptet. Artikkelen avsluttes med en oppsummering og noen forslag til videre forskning.

• Madsen, Dag Øivind & Stenheim, Tonny (2014)
  Strategisk økonomistyring: En oversikt over sentrale konsepter og modeller

  [Textbook]. Bookboon

• Rasmussen, Janicke (2013)
  Får eiere som forventet? : hvordan anbefalingen om styreevaluering gjennomføres i norske børsnoterte selskap

  Praktisk Økonomi & Finans, 29 [i.e. 30](2) , s. 75-86.

• Svanstrøm, Tobias (2013)
  Non-audit services and audit quality: Evidence from private firms

  European Accounting Review, 22(2) , s. 337-366. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2012.706398

  Vis sammendrag

  The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between audit quality in private firms and the provision of non-audit services (NAS) - an issue that has rarely been considered in prior research. The threats to auditor independence are different in private firms compared to public firms. The same is true of the opportunities to use the same knowledge for audit and for NAS. Therefore, the effect of the provision of NAS on audit quality is also likely to be different. In this study, audit quality is measured by discretionary accruals, as well as by managers’ perceptions of the extent to which the audit improves accounting quality. The regression analysis is based on 420 surveyed private firms in Sweden and suggests that audit quality is positively associated with NAS in general and accounting services in particular. The findings indicate that the joint provision of audit and NAS do not necessarily result in impaired auditor independence, but rather support the existence of knowledge spillover between the services.

• Ruud, Flemming & Pfaff, Dieter (2013)
  Schweizer Leitfaden zum Internen Kontrollsystem (IKS). 6., aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage

  Orell & Füssli Verlag AG

• Tangenes, Tor & Gjønnes, Svein H. (2013)
  Arbeidsbok til Økonomi- og virksomhetsstyring, 2. utg

  [Textbook]. Fagbokforlaget

• Ruud, Flemming & Friebe, Philipp (2013)
  Leitlinie zum Internen Audit 2013. 3. überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage 2013

  Schweizerischer Verband für Interne Revision

• Berg, Terje (2013)
  Lærebøkene i budsjettering – hvor går veien videre?

  Magma forskning og viten, 16(5) , s. 59-69.

• Stefani, Ulrike & Bleibtreu, Christopher (2013)
  Unternehmensbewertung

  Der effiziente M&A Prozess, , s. 79-106.

• Kvaal, Erlend & Nobes, Christopher (2013)
  International Variations in Tax Disclosures

  Accounting in Europe, 10(2) , s. 241-273. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17449480.2013.834733

• Breunig, Karl Joachim & Roberts, Hanno (2013)
  Caught off balance: managing knowledge value creation through boundary spanning roles

  International Journal of Learning and Intellectual Capital, 10(3/4) , s. 258-275. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJLIC.2013.057435

• Sundgren, Stefan & Svanstrøm, Tobias (2013)
  Audit office size, audit quality and audit pricing: evidence from small- and medium-sized enterprises

  Accounting and Business Research, 43(1) , s. 31-55. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2012.691710

  Vis sammendrag

  Using Swedish data we investigate how audit quality and audit pricing vary with audit firm and office size. In contrast to prior studies, we use disciplinary sanctions issued against auditors not meeting the quality requirement as the measure of audit quality. We find no significant differences in the likelihood of sanctions between Big 4 audit firms and the fifth and sixth largest audit firms in Sweden (Grant Thornton and BDO). We refer to these collectively as ‘Top 6’. However, we find that the probabilities of warnings or exclusions from the profession are much higher for non-Top 6 auditors in Sweden than for Top 6 auditors. Furthermore, we find a strong negative association between the likelihood of sanctions and audit office size for non-Top 6 auditors. This association is insignificant for Top 6 audit firms. Audit fees follow a similar pattern and indicate that larger audit firms and offices put in more effort or have greater expertise. These results suggest that audit quality is differentiated in the private segment market. However, contrary to prior studies, our results suggest that the important dimensions are Top 6 versus non-Top 6 and the office size of non-Top 6 audit firms.

• Berg, Terje; Østeby, Lise Korsemmoosor & Nesse, Line (2013)
  Bruk av investeringsanalysemetoder og avkastningskrav - Norge anno 2012

  Praktisk Økonomi & Finans, 28(2) , s. 87-101.

• Ülle, Pärl; Roberts, Hanno, Breunig, Karl Joachim & Lääts, Kertu (2013)
  Network orchestration in open innovation business models (OIBM): the case of Norwegian and Estonian organizations

  [Report Research]. Estonian Business School

• Sormunen, Nina; Jeppesen, Kim Klarskov, Sundgren, Stefan & Svanstrøm, Tobias (2013)
  Harmonisation of Audit Practice: Empirical Evidence from Going-Concern Reporting in the Nordic Countries

  International Journal of Auditing, 17(3) , s. 308-326. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijau.12007

• Tangenes, Tor (2012)
  Studieguide til Praktisk økonomi- og virksomhetsstyring - BØK 3551

  [Textbook]. Handelshøyskolen BI

• Gjønnes, Svein H. & Tangenes, Tor (2012)
  Arbeidsbok til Økonomi- og virksomhetsstyring

  [Textbook]. Fagbokforlaget

• Tangenes, Tor (2012)
  Studieguide til Økonomi- og virksomhetsstyring - BØK 3541

  [Textbook]. Handelshøyskolen BI

• Ruud, Flemming & Kyburz, Adrian (2012)
  Das Internal Audit Capability Model : Ein Modell zum Self-Assessment des internen Audits

  Expert Focus, 85, s. 709-715.

• Bleibtreu, Christopher & Stefani, Ulrike (2012)
  Auditing, consulting, and audit market concentration

  Journal of Business Economics (JBE), 82, s. 41-70. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11573-012-0597-5

  Vis sammendrag

  In its recently published Green Paper, the European Commission (Audit policy: lessons from the crisis. Brussels, 2010) discusses various methods to enhance the reliability of audits and to re-establish trust in the financial market. The Commission primarily focuses on increasing auditor independence and on reducing the high level of audit market concentration. Based on a model in the tradition of the circular market matching models introduced by Salop (Bell J Econ 10(1):141–156, 1979), we show that prohibiting non-audit services as a measure intended to improve auditor independence can have counter-productive secondary effects on audit market concentration. In fact, our model demonstrates that incentives for independence and the structure of the audit market are simultaneously determined. Because market shares are endogenous in our model, it is not even clear that prohibiting non-audit services indeed increases an auditor’s incentive to remain independent.

• Mulder, Judith; Dekker, Rommert & Sharifyazdi, Mehdi (2012)
  Designing robust liner shipping schedules: Optimizing recovery actions and buffer times

  [Report Research]. Econometric Institute, Erasmus University Rotterdam

• Gjønnes, Svein H. & Tangenes, Tor (2012)
  Økonomi- og virksomhetsstyring: strategistøtte ved prestasjonsstyring, ressursstyring og beslutningsstøtte

  Fagbokforlaget

• Dyrnes, Sverre & Pettersen, Lars Inge (2012)
  Justerte resultater - veien til bedre resultatkvalitet?

  [Popular Science Article]. Praktisk Økonomi & Finans, (1) , s. 52-60.

• Tangenes, Tor & Gjønnes, Svein Hermod (2012)
  Målbærende plan eller plankritisk prognose? : om budsjettets plass i målstyring

  Praktisk Økonomi & Finans, [29](4) , s. 25-38.

• Svanstrøm, Tobias & Boter, Håkan (2012)
  Regional Variation in the SME-Audit Firm Relationship

  Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing, 8(3) , s. 340-356.

• Svanstrøm, Tobias & Sundgren, Stefan (2012)
  The Demand for Non-audit Services and Auditor-Client Relationships - Evidence from Swedish Small and Medium-sized Enterprises

  International Journal of Auditing, 16(1) , s. 54-78. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-1123.2011.00441.x

• Kvaal, Erlend & Nobes, Christopher (2012)
  IFRS Policy Changes and the Continuation of National Patterns of IFRS Practice

  European Accounting Review, 21(2) , s. 343-371. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2011.611236

• Hope, Ole-Kristian; Langli, John Christian & Thomas, Wayne B. (2012)
  Agency conflicts and auditing in private firms

  Accounting, Organizations and Society, 37(7) , s. 500-517. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2012.06.002

  Vis sammendrag

  We are interested in understanding how agency conflicts in private firms arise through ownership structures and family relationships. Specifically, we analyze auditors’ increase of effort and firms’ choice of auditors in situations with higher level of agency conflicts. For a large sample of private firms, we use unique and confidential data (obtained through special permission by the government) to measure direct and ultimate ownership for each shareholder as well as extended family relationships (based on marriage and blood lines, going back four generations and extending out to fourth cousin) among all shareholders, board members, and CEOs. We first find that audit fees, our proxy for audit effort, vary as hypothesized with firmlevel characteristics related to ownership structures and family relationships. Second, we find evidence that firms in higher agency cost settings respond by having their financial statements audited by a higher-quality auditor (i.e., a Big 4 firm). However, for CEO family-related settings (i.e., where the CEO is related to the major shareholder or as the number of board members related to the CEO increases), we find no evidence of a greater demand for a Big 4 auditor.

• Stensrud, Erik & Myrtveit, Ingunn (2012)
  Validity and reliability of evaluation procedures in comparative studies of effort prediction models

  Empirical Software Engineering, 17(1-2) , s. 23-33. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-011-9183-7

• Berg, Terje & Westgaard, Sjur (2012)
  Risk reporting to the board of directors: comparison of norwegian power companies and banks

  Journal of Energy Markets, 5(3) , s. 45-63. Doi: https://doi.org/10.21314/jem.2012.077

• Ruud, Flemming & Pfaff, Dieter (2011)
  Schweizer Leitfaden zum Internen Kontrollsystem (IKS) 5. aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage

  Orell & Füssli Verlag AG

• Tangenes, Tor (2011)
  Studieguide til Økonomi- og virksomhetsstyring BØK 3541

  [Textbook]. Handelshøyskolen BI

• Kvaal, Erlend (2011)
  Prosjektvurdering, verdifallstesting, avkastningskrav og skatt

  Praktisk Økonomi & Finans, (2) , s. 23-40.

• Tangenes, Tor (2011)
  Studieguide til Praktisk økonomi- og virksomhetsstyring - BØK 3551

  [Textbook]. Handelshøyskolen BI

• Dyrnes, Sverre (2011)
  RIV-B og RIV-E - bedre verdsettelsesmodeller

  [Popular Science Article]. Praktisk Økonomi & Finans, (2) , s. 41-56.

• Ruud, Flemming; Friebe, Philipp & Eggenberg, Stephan (2011)
  Aktueller Stand und Entwicklungen des Internen Audits

  [Popular Science Article]. Expert Focus, 85, s. 709-715.

• Langli, John Christian (2011)
  Kjønnskvoterte styrer. Om virkninger av kravet til likestilling i styrene i allmennaksjeselskapene

  Praktisk Økonomi & Finans, (4) , s. 67-92.

• Persson, Kurt Gøran & Virum, Helge (2011)
  Logistikk og ledelse av forsyningskjeder

  [Textbook]. Gyldendal Akademisk

• Dyrnes, Sverre (2011)
  Innløsning av aksjer etter aksjeloven og allmennaksjeloven - en taksonomi for verdibegreper

  Moderne forretningsjus II, , s. 78-107.

• Kvaal, Erlend (2011)
  Betydningen av tilleggsopplysninger i årsregnskapet

  Moderne forretningsjus II, , s. 316-329.

• Svanstrøm, Tobias (2011)
  Förbud mot rådgivningstjänster till revisionsklienter och krav på rotation av revisionsbyrå - Är revisorns oberoende överreglerat?

  Moderne forretningsjus II, , s. 431-462.

• Ruud, Flemming; Friebe, Philipp & Eggenberg, Stephan (2011)
  Internes Audit - ein Berufsstand in Bewegung : Standpunkt

  [Popular Science Article]. Expert Focus, , s. 709-715.

• Engebrethsen, Erna; alvarez, jose fernando, kakalis, nikolaus & tsilingiris, panagiotis (2011)
  Robust Fleet Sizing and Allocation in Industrial and Bulk Ocean Shipping Companies

  INFOR: Information Systems and Operational Research, 49(2) , s. 93-107. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3138/infor.49.2.093

• Ruud, Flemming T. (2011)
  "To be or not to be - in control?" : hvem gjør hva med hensyn til styring, kontroll, oppfølging av systemer samt revisjon i virksomheter

  Moderne forretningsjus II, , s. 376-389.

• Roberts, Hanno & Bagnoli, Carlo (2011)
  Governing strategy and knowledge: tools and methodologies

  Journal of Management and Governance, 17(3) , s. 535-540. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-011-9193-2

• Jahre, Marianne & Persson, Kurt Gøran (2011)
  Logistikk og Ledelse av forsyningskjeder (ch.3), in Persson, G. and Virum, H. (eds.) Logistikk og ledelse av forsyningskjeder, Gyldendal Akademisk

  Logistikk og ledelse av forsyningskjeder,

• Persson, Kurt Gøran & Huemer, Lars (2011)
  Samarbeid i forsyningskjeder

  Logistikk og ledelse av forsyningskjeder, , s. 357-369.

• Rasmussen, Janicke & Huse, Morten (2011)
  Corporate Governance in Norway: women and employee-elected directors

  Handbook of International Corporate Governance: Country Analyses, , s. 121-146. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849808293.00012

• Kvaal, Erlend & Ødegaard, Bernt A. (2011)
  Egenkapitalutvidelser ved Oslo Børs

  Praktisk Økonomi & Finans, [28](2) , s. 109-128.

• Jafari, Azizollah; Sharifyazdi, Mehdi & Jafarian, Mehdi (2010)
  A new multi-objective approach in distribution centers location problem in fuzzy environment

  Journal of Uncertain Systems, 4(2) , s. 133-146.

• Ruud, Flemming; Dennery, Michel, Dequae, Marie Gemma, Garitte, Jean-Pierre, Meulder, Robert De, Pierre, Chantal, Rüdisser, Michele F & Taylor, Paul (2010)
  Guidance on the 8th EU Company Law Directive

  [Report Research]. ECIIA

• Kvaal, Erlend (2010)
  The discount rate of IAS 36 - a comment

  Accounting in Europe, 7(1) , s. 87-95.

• alvarez, fernando; Longva, Tore & Engebrethsen, Erna (2010)
  A Methodology To Assess Vessel Berthing And Speed Optimization Policies

  Maritime Economics & Logistics, 12(4) , s. 327-346.

• Tangenes, Tor (2010)
  Måling av virksomhetens effektivitet: Om hvordan verdier av ytelser fra kompetanse bør måles

  Praktisk Økonomi & Finans, 27(2) , s. 93-108.

• Svanstrøm, Tobias & Sundgren, Stefan (2010)
  Avskaffad plikt kräver ökat fokus på rådgivningstjänster

  [Professional Article]. Balans : tidskrift för redovisning och revision, (4) , s. 50-53.

• Ruud, Flemming & Friebe, Philipp (2010)
  Forensische Sonderuntersuchungen: Überlegungen zu einer Beteiligung der internen Revision

  [Popular Science Article]. Expert Focus, 2010, s. 574-580.

• Kvaal, Erlend (2010)
  Regnskapsregulering og myndighetsutøvelse

  Praktisk Økonomi & Finans, (1) , s. 65-79.

• Abdolmohammadi, Mohammad; Kvaal, Erlend & Langli, John Christian (2010)
  Earnings Management Priorities of Private Family Firms

  [Report Research]. Handelshøyskolen BI

  Vis sammendrag

  We compare earnings management priorities of private family and private non-family firms. Our study is made possible by the availability of a new and unique database on family relationships between CEOs, board members and owners of private Norwegian firms. We hypothesize and find that compared with private non-family firms, private family firms are likely to manage earnings downward. However, we also find that highly leveraged private family firms make more income increasing accounting choices than highly leveraged private non-family firms. Finally, we document that CEOs representing controlling families promote earnings management, and independent board members somewhat mitigate it. We note that research on the relationship between financial reporting quality and family governance is quite limited. We contribute to this emerging literature.

• Westin, Olle & Roberts, Hanno (2010)
  Interventionist research - the puberty years: an introduction to the special issue

  Qualitative Research in Accounting and Management, 7(1) , s. 5-12.

• Kvaal, Erlend & Nobes, Chris (2010)
  International differences in IFRS policy choice: a research note

  Accounting and Business Research, 40(2) , s. 173-187. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2010.9663390

• Gaeremynck, Ann; Sercu, Piet & Renders, Annelies (2010)
  Corporate governance ratings and company performance: A cross‐European study.

  Corporate governance. An International Review, Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8683.2010.00791.x

• Langli, John Christian; Hope, Ole-Kristian & Thomas, Wayne B. (2010)
  Agency Conflicts and Auditing in Private Firms

  [Report Research]. Handelshøyskolen BI

• Ødegaard, Bernt Arne & Kvaal, Erlend (2010)
  Egenkapitalutvidelser ved Oslo Børs 1980-2009

  [Report Research]. Universitetet i Stavanger

• Hope, Ole-Kristian & Langli, John Christian (2009)
  Er høye honorarer for revisjon og rådgivning en trussel mot uavhengigheten?

  [Professional Article]. Praktisk Økonomi & Finans, 25(4) , s. 55-63.

• Ruud, Flemming; Friebe, Philipp, Schmitz, Daniela & Rüdisser, Michele F (2009)
  Ligne de conduite de l'audit interne, 2. version

  Schweizerischer Verband für Interne Revision

• Ruud, Flemming; Friebe, Philipp, Schmitz, Daniela & Rüdisser, Michele F (2009)
  Leitlinie zum Internen Audit, 2. überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage

  Schweizerischer Verband für Interne Revision

• Ruud, Flemming; Friebe, Philipp & Schmitz, Daniela (2009)
  Internationales Rahmenwerk der beruflichen Praxis des internen Audits: Überblick über die überarbeiteten Bestimmungen des Institute of Internal Auditors

  Expert Focus, 83, s. 647-652.

• Gjønnes, Svein H. & Tangenes, Tor (2009)
  Regndans eller dans på roser? et kritisk blikk på den rådende læringstradisjonen i økonomi- og virksomhetsstyringsfagene

  Magma forskning og viten, 12(1) , s. 51-70.

• Langli, John Christian (2009)
  Hvem er brukerne av årsregnskapene til små aksjeselskaper, og trenger de reviderte regnskaper?

  Praktisk Økonomi & Finans, 25(1) , s. 104-119.

• Rasmussen, Janicke Lilletvedt & Huse, Morten (2009)
  Styreevalueringer - hva er det, og hvordan brukes de?

  Magma forskning og viten, 12(3) , s. 41-51.

• VandeMaele, Sigried; Vergauwen, Philip & Roberts, Hanno (2009)
  Determining the Value of Business Partnerships: an intellectual capital approach to value drivers of partnership performance

  [Professional Article]. Accountancy en Bedrijfskunde, 29(10) , s. 20-34.

• Ruud, Flemming; Reichert, Felix & Arn, Andri (2008)
  Karrierewege und Gehaltsstrukturen in der Internen Revision : Teilergebnisse einer Umfrage in der Schweiz mit Schwerpunkt auf der Bankenbranche.

  [Popular Science Article]. Zeitschrift Interne Revision, 2, s. 50-54.

• Dyrnes, Sverre (2008)
  Kontantstrømoppstillingen - gammel og utdatert?

  Praktisk Økonomi & Finans, (3) , s. 67-82.

• Ruud, Flemming; Isufi, Shqiponja & Friebe, Philipp (2008)
  Pflicht zur Prüfung der Existenz des Internen Kontrollsystems : Bestandesaufnahme zur Steuerung und Kontrolle mittelgrosser Unternehmen in der Schweiz

  Expert Focus, 82, s. 938-942.

• Kvaal, Erlend (2008)
  Kjennetegn ved informative inngrep

  Praktisk Økonomi & Finans, (1) , s. 3-13.

• Stensrud, Erik & Myrtveit, Ingunn (2008)
  An empirical study of software development productivity in C and C++

  NIKT: Norsk IKT-konferanse for forskning og utdanning,

• Myrtveit, Ingunn; Bakke, Alexander & Stensrud, Erik (2008)
  Measurement of User Satisfaction with Enterprise Portals: An Empirical Study

  NOKOBIT: Norsk konferanse for organisasjoners bruk av informasjonsteknologi,

• Sending, Aage & Tangenes, Tor (2008)
  Arbeidshefte til Driftsregnskap og budsjettering

  [Textbook]. Fagbokforlaget

• Ruud, Flemming & Hess, Nicole (2007)
  nternationale Entwicklungen in der Wirtschaftsprüfung: Konsequenzen für die Schweiz.

  IRZ - Zeitschrift für Internationale Rechnungslegung, 4, s. 259-267.

• Ruud, Flemming & Reichert, Felix (2007)
  Das COSO Enterprise Risk Management-Framework

  Rechnungswesen & Controlling, 4(8) , s. 1424-1424.

• Langli, John Christian (2007)
  Konsekvenser av bevisst og utbevisst rot med bokføringen i fortid og fremtid

  Magma forskning og viten, 10(6) , s. 32-48.

• Tangenes, Tor (2007)
  Når to finansielle måltall møter ressursbasert firmateori og fremvokst strategi nødvendige korreksjoner av regnskapstall og et forslag til videreutvikling

  Magma forskning og viten, 10(3) , s. 81-102.

• Ruud, Flemming & Pfaff, Dieter (2007)
  Internes Kontrollsystem in Schweizer KMU : Herausforderungen und Lösungsansätze

  Die Unternehmung. Swiss Journal of Business Research and Practice, , s. 445-462.

• Kvaal, Erlend (2007)
  Discounting and the Treatment of Taxes in Impairment Reviews

  Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 34(5/6)

• Roberts, Hanno & Bjurström, Erik (2007)
  The Principle of Connectivity: networked assets, strategic capabilities, and bundled outcomes

  Intellectual Capital Revisited: paradoxes in the knowledge intensive organization, , s. 45-60.

• Haugland, Sven A.; Haugland, Sven A., Nygaard, Arne & Myrtveit, Ingunn (2007)
  Market orientation and performance in the service industry: A data envelopment analysis

  Journal of Business Research, 60(11) , s. 1191-1197.

• Sending, Aage; Tangenes, Tor & Gjønnes, Svein H. (2007)
  Driftsregnskap og budsjettering: økonomi- og virksomhetsstyring

  [Textbook]. Fagbokforlaget

• Ruud, Flemming & Hanselmann, Yannick (2006)
  Ein adäquates Mittel zur Finanzberichterstattung?

  io New Management, , s. 30-37.

• Ruud, Flemming; Hanselmann, Yannick & Pfister, Jan (2006)
  Die Umsetzung des Sarbanes Oxley Act: Am Beispiel der NYSE-kotierten Schweizer Unternehmen.

  Zeitschrift Interne Revision, 4, s. 166-169.

• Roberts, Hanno (2006)
  Making Management Accounting Intelligible

  A. Bhimani (ed.), Contemporary Issues in Management Accounting, , s. 306-327.

• Ruud, Flemming & Sommer, Katerina (2006)
  Enterprise Risk Management: Das COSO-ERM-Framework.

  Expert Focus, , s. 126-131.

• Ruud, Flemming & Sommer, Katerina (2006)
  Internal Audit und Enterprise Risk Management: Enterprise Risk Management in der Praxis.

  Expert Focus, 4, s. 253-257.

• Gjesdal, Frøystein; Kvaal, Erlend & Kvifte, Steinar Sars (2006)
  Internasjonale regnskapsstandarder

  Cappelen Damm Akademisk

• Sending, Aage & Tangenes, Tor (2006)
  Arbeidsbok til Driftsregnskap og budsjettering

  [Textbook]. Fagbokforlaget

• Langli, John Christian (2005)
  Regnskapskvalitet - om hvordan regnskapsmessig støy svekker kvaliteten på regnskapsinformasjon

  [Professional Article]. Praktisk Økonomi & Finans, (1) , s. 49-62.

• Berthling-Hansen, Pål (2005)
  Hvorfor de fleste kundelønnsomhetsanalyser har feil utgangspunkt

  [Professional Article]. Praktisk Økonomi & Finans,

• Ruud, Flemming; Jenal, Ladina & Haymoz, Yvette (2005)
  Ligne de conduite de l'audit interne

  ASAI

• Ruud, Flemming; Jenal, Ladina & Haymoz, Yvette (2005)
  Leitlinie zum Internen Audit.

  Schweizerischer Verband für Interne Revision

• Ruud, Flemming T.; Haymoz, Yvette & Jenal, Ladina (2005)
  Leitlinie zum internen Audit. (Guideline to Internal Audit)

  [Textbook]. Swiss Institute of Internal Audit, Verlag SKV

• Myrtveit, Ingunn & Stensrud, Erik (2005)
  Do Arbitrary Function Approximators Make Sense as Software Prediction Models?

  Do Arbitrary Function Approximators Make Sense as Software Prediction Models?, , s. 3-10.

• Myrtveit, Ingunn; Stensrud, Erik & Shepperd, Martin (2005)
  Reliability and validity in comparative studies of software prediction models

  IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 31(5) , s. 380-391.

  Vis sammendrag

  Empirical studies on software prediction models do not converge with respect to the question "which prediction model is best?" The reason for this lack of convergence is poorly understood. In this simulation study, we have examined a frequently used research procedure comprising three main ingredients: a single data sample, an accuracy indicator, and cross validation. Typically, these empirical studies compare a machine learning model with a regression model. In our study, we use simulation and compare a machine learning and a regression model. The results suggest thatit is the research procedure itself that is unreliable. This lack of reliability may strongly contribute to the lack of convergence. Our findings thus cast some doubt on the conclusions of any study of competing software prediction models that used this research procedure as a basis of model comparison. Thus, we need to develop more reliable research procedures before we can have confidence in the conclusions of comparative studies of software prediction models.

• Roberts, Hanno & Bhimani, A. (2004)
  Management Accounting and Knowledge Management: in search of intelligibility

  Management Accounting Research, 15(1) , s. 1-4.

• Tellefsen, Jan Terje & Langli, John Christian (2004)
  Årsregnskapet

  [Textbook]. Gyldendal Akademisk

• Ruud, Flemming; Jenal, Ladina & Patzina, Nico (2004)
  Kurzübersicht zur Verantwortung der Audit Committees.

  [Popular Science Article]. Ernst&Young,

• Dyrnes, Sverre (2004)
  Verdsettelse ved bruk av multiplikatorer

  [Professional Article]. Praktisk Økonomi & Finans, (1)

• Dyrnes, Sverre (2004)
  Kontantstrømmer for investoranalyser og kredittvurderinger. Del 2

  [Professional Article]. Praktisk Økonomi & Finans, (3)

• Ruud, Flemming & Jenal, Ladina (2004)
  Ganzheitliche Interne Steuerung und Kontrolle (ISK)

  Expert Focus, 78, s. 1045-1050.

• Dyrnes, Sverre (2004)
  Kontantstrømmer for investoranalyser og kredittvurderinger. Del 1

  [Professional Article]. Praktisk Økonomi & Finans, (2)

• Langli, John Christian & Saudagaran, Shahrokh (2004)
  Taxable Income Differences Between Foreign and Domestic Controlled Corporations in Norway

  ?, 13(4) , s. 713-742.

• Roberts, Hanno & Chaminade, Cristina (2004)
  De las palabras a los hechos: un análisis comparativo de la implantación de modelos de gestión de capital intelectual en España y Noruega [What it means is what it does: a comparative analysis of implementig intellectual capital in Norway and Spain]

  L. Cañibano and M.P. Sanchez (eds.): Lecturas sobre Intangibles y Capital Intelectual [Readings on Intangibles & Intellectual Capital], , s. 8-8.

• Haugland, Sven A.; Haugland, Sven A., Myrtveit, Ingunn & Nygaard, Arne (2004)
  Market Orientation, Customer Satisfaction and Productivity in the Service Industry: A Data Envelopment Analysis

  [Report Research]. Samfunns- og næringslivsforskning (SNF)

  Vis sammendrag

  A crucial cornerstone in the market orientation literature is the relationship between market orientation and performance. Products and services should be designed, developed and offered to customers based on market knowledge, and human and physical assets should be combined to satisfy customers. However, we still lack knowledge whether the most market-oriented firms are the most productive and profitable, as few empirical studies have used objective performance measures. By applying data envelopment analysis (DEA), we develop a measure of relative productivity, and test the market orientation model with productivity as performance measure. Based on data from the hotel industry, our results indicate that market orientation has only modest effect on productivity. However, DEA-productivity analyses can be used to identify best practice in an industry, and if used properly, it can be a useful instrument in the process of designing products and services and be a valuable input into the market orientation of the firm.

• Dyrnes, Sverre & Sellæg, Finn Espen (2003)
  Pensjoner - ved analyse og verdsettelse

  Praktisk Økonomi & Finans, (3)

• Roberts, Hanno & Bhimani, A. (2003)
  Management accounting and the knowledge production process

  Management Accounting in the New Economy,

• Ruud, Flemming & Jenal, Ladina (2003)
  Das Interne Audit als wertvoller Wissens-Intermediär: Mehrwert schaffen für Unternehmen

  Expert Focus, 77, s. 7-16.

• Berthling-Hansen, Pål & Skaldehaug, Espen (2003)
  Beslutningsrelevante kostnader

  ?, (2)

• Roberts, Hanno & Chaminade, Cristina (2003)
  What it means is what it does: a comparative analysis of implementing intellectual capital in Norway and Spain

  European Accounting Review, 12(3) , s. 733-751.

• Lothe, Solveig & Myrtveit, Ingunn (2003)
  Compensation Systems for Green Strategy Implementation: Parametric and non-parametric approaches

  Business Strategy and the Environment (BSE), 12, s. 191-203.

• Roberts, Hanno; Brønn, Peggy S. & Breunig, K. J. (2003)
  Intangible Assets and Communication

  [Report Research]. International Association of Business Communicators Research Foundatio

• Stensrud, Erik & Myrtveit, Ingunn (2003)
  Identifying High Performance ERP Projects. Reprint from

  IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 29(5) , s. 398-416.

• Foss, Tron; Myrtveit, Ingunn, Stensrud, Erik & Kitchenham, B. (2003)
  A replicated Empirical Investigation of MMRE

  Empirical Software Engineering, 8(2) , s. 139-161.

• Foss, Tron; Myrtveit, Ingunn, Stensrud, Erik & Kitchenham, B. (2003)
  A Simulation Study of the Model Evaluation Criterion MMRE

  IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 29(11) , s. 985-995.

• Roberts, Hanno; Brønn, Peggy Simcic & Breunig, Karl Joachim (2003)
  Intangible Assets and Communication: Knowledge Resources and Communication

  [Report Research]. International Association of Business Communicators Research Foundation

  Vis sammendrag

  Intangible Assets and Communication: Knowledge Resources and Communication Prepared and researched by Hanno Roberts, Ph.D., Peggy Simcic Brønn, Ph.D. and Karl Joachim Breunig Find and present the value of your organization's intellectual capital. Readers explore the direct links between communication and human resources, relationship, and structural capital, as well as other highly-valued intangible assets. Specific tools assess the financial value of your intellectual capital and measure how your organization shares knowledge and builds relationships with stakeholders. http://iabcstore.com/IABCRFRpts/intassetscomm.htm

• Ruud, Flemming & Bodenmann, Jan-Marc (2002)
  Corporate Gevernance in der Schweiz: Standpunkte der Verwaltungsräte von SWX-kotierten Unternehmen

  Expert Focus, 76, s. 273-282.

• Stensrud, Erik & Myrtveit, Ingunn (2002)
  Identifying High Performance ERP Projects

  [Report Research]. Handelshøyskolen BI

  Vis sammendrag

  Learning from high performance projects is crucial for software process improvement. Therefore, we need to identify outstanding projects that may serve as role models. It is common to measure productivity as an indicator of performance. It is vital that productivity measurements deal correctly with variable returns to scale and multivariate data. Software projects generally exhibit variable returns to scale, and the output from ERP projects is multivariate. We propose to use Data Envelopment Analysis Variable Returns to Scale (DEA VRS) to measure the productivity of software projects. DEA VRS fulfils the two requirements stated above, and to our knowledge, it is the only method complying with them. The results from this empirical study of 30 ERP projects extracted from a benchmarking database in Accenture identified six projects as potential role models. These projects deserve to be studied and probably copied as part of a software process improvement initiative. The results also suggest that there is a 50% potential for productivity improvement, on average. Finally, the results support the assumption of variable returns to scale in ERP projects. We recommend DEA VRS be used as the default technique for appropriate productivity comparisons of software projects. Used together with methods for hypothesis testing, DEA VRS is also a useful technique for assessing the effect of alleged process improvements.

• Stensrud, Erik & Myrtveit, Ingunn (2002)
  SW Cost Estimation: Measuring Model Performance of Arbitrary Function Approximators

  [Report Research]. Handelshøyskolen BI

  Vis sammendrag

  Estimating software development cost with high accuracy is still a largely unsolved problem. Consequently, there is ongoing, high activity in this research field; a large number of different estimation models ranging from mathematical functions to arbitrary function approximators (AFA’s) have been proposed over the last 20+ years. Unfortunately, the studies do not converge with respect to the question “which model is best?” when functions and AFA’s are compared. So far, it has not been understood why this is so. In this empirical study, we show that this is due to inappropriate validation methods as far as the validation of AFA’s is concerned. In fact, the de facto validation method, cross-validation combined with MMRE, will give completely arbitrary results for AFA’s. Obviously, other criteria are called for in order to appropriately assess the performance of AFA’s. This should be a topic of future research

• Stensrud, Erik; Foss, Tron, Kitchenham, B. & Myrtveit, Ingunn (2002)
  An Empirical Validation of the Relationship Between the Magnitude of Relative Error and Project Size

  ?, , s. 3-12.

• Foss, Tron; Stensrud, Erik, Kitchenham, B. & Myrtveit, Ingunn (2002)
  A Simulation Study of the Model Evaluation Criterion MMRE

  [Report Research]. Handelshøyskolen BI

  Vis sammendrag

  The Mean Magnitude of Relative Error, MMRE, is probably the most widely used evaluation criterion for assessing the performance of competing software prediction models. It seems obvious that the purpose of MMRE is to assist us to select the best model. In this paper, we have performed a simulation study demonstrating that MMRE does not select the best model. The consequences are dramatic for a vast body of knowledge in software engineering. The implications of this finding are that the results and conclusions on prediction models over the past 15-25 years are unreliable and may have misled the entire software engineering discipline. We therefore strongly recommend not using MMRE to evaluate and compare prediction models. Instead, we recommend using a combination of theoretical justification of the models we propose together with other metrics proposed in this paper.

• Kvaal, Erlend (2001)
  Sammenligning av NRS usikre forpliktelser og betingede eiendeler og IAS 37 provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets

  Mot et nytt regnskapsregime i Norge. International accounting standards : artikkelsamling,

• Ruud, Flemming & Linsi, Alexander (2001)
  Qualitätssicherung in der Internen Revision : Praxis der Qualitätssicherung in der Internen Revision in der Schweiz im Lichte der IIA-Standards.

  Expert Focus, 75, s. 543-552.

• Tangenes, Tor (2001)
  The Stochastic Parameter Approach to Residual Income Valuation

  [Report Research]. Handelshøyskolen BI

  Vis sammendrag

  In residual income valuation the information dynamics (ID) provides a connection between current observable information and unobservable forecasts of future residual income (RI). Traditionally the ID is formulated as multivariate auto-regressive processes, where the auto-regressive parameters (persistence parameters) are assumed fixed and known. For this reason uncertainty (risk) is captured in a zero-mean noise term, and risk does not affect the process of expected RI. Put differently, future projects accepted by a firm are by assumption zero-NPV undertakings. Even without information of a specific firm’s future activities, one should acknowledge the fact that some firms will outperform the industry average, while some will underperform. Ignoring the existence of risk that systematically affects RI by applying a linear ID, a downward valuation bias will occur. In this paper we treat the persistence parameters as stochastic variables in order to capture the overall effect of “systematic risk” on firm level. The realization of the stochastic term will be positive for firms succeeding in business and negative for failing firms. Based on OWAM a valuation model is developed, where analysts’ forecasts embed available information (accounting information and “other information”) at the time of valuation. OWAM: Ohlson’s weighted average model (Ohlson 95). Consistent with several recent empirical studies on ID, the revised model predicts a positive relationship between “systematic risk” and expected return.

• Ruud, Flemming & Kistler, Martin (2001)
  Wirtschaftsprüfung und New Economy: Neue Fragestellungen, neue Antworten durch Entwicklung von Assurance Services.

  Expert Focus, 75, s. 1199-1208.

• Kvaal, Erlend (2001)
  Business combinations og de norske standardene om foretaksintegrasjon

  Mot et nytt regnskapsregime i Norge : international accounting standards : artikkelsamling,

• Roberts, Hanno (2001)
  Indicators (chapter 6)

  Intellectual Capital: Measuring and reporting,

• Ruud, Flemming & Bodenmann, Jan-Marc (2001)
  Corporate Governance und Interne Revision : Neuorientierung der Internen Revision, um einen zentralen Beitrag zu eine effektiven Corporate Governance zu leisten.

  Expert Focus, 75, s. 521-534.

• Langli, John Christian (2001)
  Konkurskriminalitet i Norge

  Ekonomisk brottslighet och nationalstatens kontrollmakt/Leif Appelgren & Hans Sjögren (red.),

• Høyvarde, Hans Kristian & Langli, John Christian (2001)
  Studiehefte til årsregnskapet

  [Textbook]. Gyldendal Norsk Forlag A/S

• Kvaal, Erlend (2001)
  Regnskapsføring av uoppfylte avtaleforpliktelser

  Moderne forretningsjus/Tore Bråthen og Ole Gjems-Onstad (red.),

• Høyvarde, Hans Kristian & Langli, John Christian (2001)
  Studiehefte til årsregnskapet

  [Textbook]. Gyldendal Norsk Forlag A/S

• Skaldehaug, Espen (2001)
  Realinvesteringsanalyse - revisoren som virksomhetens diskusjonspartner

  Revisjon og Regnskap, 71(6)

• Myrtveit, Ingunn (2001)
  Eierskap og lederlønninger i norsk næringsliv - spiller det egentlig noen rolle?

  ?, 4(3) , s. 108-113.

• Tellefsen, Jan Terje & Langli, John Christian (2001)
  Årsregnskapet

  [Textbook]. Gyldendal Akademisk

• Myrtveit, Ingunn; Stensrud, Erik & Olsson, Ulf Henning (2001)
  Analysing data sets with missing data: an empirical evaluation of imputation methods and likelihood-based methods

  IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 27(11) , s. 999-1013.

• Roberts, Hanno (2000)
  Classification of intellectual capital

  Kunne ikke finne tidsskrift Stolowy,, , s. 197-205.

• Roberts, Hanno (2000)
  Intellectual capital at DnB

  Kunne ikke finne tidsskrift Lukka, K, , s. 225-254.

• Ruud, Flemming & Schmid, Philipp (2000)
  Deliktische Handlungen und die wichtige Rolle der Internen Revision : Instrument zur Überprüfung der Wirksamkeit des IKS zur Prävention.

  Expert Focus, 74, s. 1303-1308.

• Ruud, Flemming & Bodenmann, Jan-Marc (2000)
  Entwicklungen in der Internen Revision: Interesante Umfrageergebnisse zur Zukunft der Internen Revision.

  Expert Focus, , s. 1029-1036.

• Dyrnes, Sverre (1999)
  Leasing av IT løsninger - regnskap og skatt

  [Professional Article]. Praktisk Økonomi & Finans, (4)

• Ruud, Flemming; Maier, Kilian & Eder, Stephan (1999)
  Competency Framework für die Interne Revision: Wichtiger Beitrag zur Wertschöpfung.

  Expert Focus, (12) , s. 1185-1190.

• Langli, Jon Christian (1999)
  Flytting av overskudd mellom land i flernasjonale selskaper: Hvilken rolle spiller selskapenes internprising?

  [Professional Article]. ?, (4)

• Roberts, Hanno (1999)
  Bedriftens skulte verdier: Intellektuell kapital

  [Professional Article]. ?, (4) , s. 4-5.

• Langli, John Christian (1999)
  Flytting av overskudd mellom land i flernasjonale selskaper: Hvilken rolle spiller selskapenes internprising?

  [Professional Article]. ?, (4)

• Ruud, Flemming; Sommer, Paul & Beer, Matthaus (1999)
  Das Berufsbild und der SVIR im Veränderungsprozess: Der Schweizer Verband für Interne Revision erarbeitet eine neue Strategie.

  [Professional Article]. Expert Focus, , s. 1157-1165.

• Ruud, Flemming & Linsi, Alexander (1999)
  Neudefinition der Internen Revision gemäss dem Institute of Internal Auditing: Qualiätsverbesserung für die Anwender.

  Expert Focus, (12) , s. 1149-1156.

• Ruud, Flemming (1999)
  Risk Management and Internal Control: an integrated approach.

  Management & Qualität, 29(2) , s. 18-23.

• Langli, John Christian & Ramnefjell, Per Espen (1998)
  Konkurs! Oppfatninger om konkurskriminalitet og konkursinstituttets virkemåte blant aktører involvert i avdekking og etterforskning av staffbare forhold

  [Report Research]. Norges forskningsråd

• Tellefsen, Jan T. & Langli, John Christian (1998)
  Årsregnskapet

  [Textbook]. Universitetsforlaget

• Langli, John Christian (1998)
  Accounting Diversity and Firm Valuation

  ?, 33(5)

• Ruud, Flemming & Linsi, Alexander (1998)
  Einführung in die Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing: Vergleich mit den Standards des SVIR.

  Expert Focus, (12) , s. 1405-1412.

• Dyrnes, Sverre (1996)
  Controllerfunksjonen - hva med intern revisjon?

  [Professional Article]. Internrevisoren, (2)

• Dyrnes, Sverre (1996)
  Controllerfunksjonen

  [Professional Article]. Revisjon og Regnskap, (3)

• Jr., Joseph J. Schultz,; Johnson, Douglas A., Morris, Deigan & Dyrnes, Sverre (1993)
  An Investigation of the Reporting of Questionable Act in an International Setting

  Journal of Accounting Research, 31, s. 75-110.

• Ruud, Flemming (1989)
  Auditing as Verification of Financial Information

  Norwegian University Press

• Dyrnes, Sverre (1989)
  Verdsettelsesmetoder - prinsipielle synspunkter

  [Popular Science Article]. Praktisk økonomi og ledelse, (3) , s. 125-131.

• Dyrnes, Sverre (1988)
  Finansieringsanalysen som analyseinstrument

  [Popular Science Article]. Praktisk økonomi og ledelse, (1) , s. 51-63.

• Dyrnes, Sverre (1987)
  Skatteplanlegging i forbindelse med årsoppgjøret

  [Popular Science Article]. Praktisk Økonomi & Finans, (4) , s. 7-25.